Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Chapter 4 Preliminary Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Chemicals <strong>of</strong> <strong>Potential</strong> Concern4.1 IntroductionThe Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> (Chapter 3) identifies over 200 chemicalsubstances (termed chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern) that have been released or are likely tohave been released into aquatic habitats within the Fraser River Basin. As it is challengingto conduct a detailed evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> these chemicals on sockeyesalmon, a commonly-utilized screening procedure was applied to identify the substancesthat occur in abiotic environmental media (i.e., surface water or sediment) atconcentrations sufficient to pose potential risks to aquatic organisms, including sockeyesalmon, utilizing habitats in the study area. This procedure is consistent with the methodsthat are typically used to conduct screening-level ecological risk assessments (CCME1996; USEPA 1997; SAB 2005) and consisted <strong>of</strong> five general steps, including:• Pathway Analysis (i.e., which was conducted to identify potentially-completeexposure pathways through which sockeye salmon could be exposed to thechemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern);• <strong>Effects</strong> Assessment (i.e., which was conducted to identify conservativethresholds for adverse effects on aquatic organisms, which are termed toxicityscreening values; TSVs);• Exposure Assessment (i.e., which was conducted to identify the concentrations<strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that sockeye salmon and other aquaticorganisms could be exposed to, which are termed exposure pointconcentrations or EPCs);• Hazard Evaluation [i.e., which was conducted to identify the substances thatoccur in one or more media types at concentrations sufficient to pose potentialrisks to aquatic organisms, including sockeye salmon; i.e., by calculatinghazard quotients, (HQs), where HQ = EPC/TSV]; and,• Uncertainty Analysis (i.e., which was conducted to identify the substances forwhich insufficient information was available to determine if they pose potentialrisks to aquatic organisms, including sockeye salmon).The screening-level assessment was designed to provide a consistent basis for identifyingall <strong>of</strong> the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that pose potential risks to aquatic organisms,including sockeye salmon utilizing spawning and incubation habitats, rearing habitats, andmigration corridors within the Fraser River Basin. Accordingly, conservative assumptions45
were used in the effects and exposure assessments (i.e., the maximum concentrationmeasured for each habitat type in each Area <strong>of</strong> Interest was selected as the exposure pointconcentration for each chemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern; estimates <strong>of</strong> no-effect concentrationsfor aquatic organisms were selected as the toxicity screening values). Chemicals for whichall measured concentrations were below the corresponding no-effect concentrations wereconsidered to be unlikely to cause adverse effects on sockeye salmon or other aquaticorganisms within the Fraser River Basin and were not considered further in theinvestigation. Chemicals for which one or more measured concentrations exceeded theselected toxicity screening value were identified as contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and subjectedto further evaluation (see Chapter 5 for additional information). Chemicals for whichinsufficient information was available to complete the assessment were identified asuncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and were evaluated using qualitative analyses (seeChapter 6 for more information). Each <strong>of</strong> these steps in the preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong>chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern is described in the following sections <strong>of</strong> this Chapter. Inaddition, the results <strong>of</strong> these analyses are presented herein.4.2 Identification <strong>of</strong> <strong>Potential</strong>ly-Complete Exposure PathwaysBased on the results <strong>of</strong> the evaluation conducted in Chapter 3, it is apparent that land andwater use activities in the study area and in areas spatially removed from the watershedhave resulted or are likely to have resulted in the release <strong>of</strong> 200 or more chemicalsubstances into aquatic habitats within the Fraser River Basin. Each <strong>of</strong> these contaminantspartition into water, sediment, and/or biological tissues in accordance with their physicalchemicalproperties and the conditions within the receiving water system. Suchpartitioning and other environmental fate processes determine which media (i.e., water,sediment, and/or biota) become contaminated and, thereby, represent potentially-completeexposure pathways to sockeye salmon in the study area. For an exposure pathway to becomplete, a contaminant must be able to travel from the source to the ecological receptorunder consideration and must be taken up by that ecological receptor via one or moreexposure routes.There are a number <strong>of</strong> pathways through which Fraser River sockeye salmon can beexposed to the substances identified in the Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> Inventory (Table 3.28).For the substances that partition into water, direct exposure to contaminated waterrepresents the most important exposure pathway for sockeye salmon (i.e., uptake throughthe gills and/or through the skin). For substances that partition into sediments, directexposure to contaminants in sediment and/or pore water during incubation and46
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
Page 55 and 56: • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
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Page 75 and 76: warrants further assessment to dete
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Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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