Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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This new approach, which combines the field <strong>of</strong> environmental toxicology andgenomics, is the most promising approachh to determine the effects <strong>of</strong> varioussub-lethal contaminants on Fraser River sockeye.The first two industries which should be screened, using the toxicogenomicsapproach, are pulp and paper mills and municipal waste water plants, due totheir high effluent volume and complex mixture <strong>of</strong> numerous known andsuspectedcontaminants and endocrine disrupting substances.Thistoxicogenomic screening process can be semi-automated, and is relativelycost-effective relativee to traditional 96 hr LC 50 bioassay tests. Fortunately, theEnvironment Canadaa laboratoryin North Vancouver, and the University <strong>of</strong>Victoria (Biology Department) are internationally recognized leaders in thisemerging field;Response: Agree. A discussion <strong>of</strong> the applications <strong>of</strong> this emergingapproach to evaluating the potential effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants on ecologicalreceptors was added to Chapter 8.3.No information on the risk <strong>of</strong> nano-contaminants wasincluded inthis report.This is a new, but rapidly growing concernn because <strong>of</strong> the potential fornanoparticles discharged from municipal wastewaterr treatment plants tonegativelyinfluence aquatic organisms. Nanosilver and nanocarbon particles inparticular have been identified as being <strong>of</strong> potential concern, hence an inventoryand toxicogenomic analysis <strong>of</strong> this emerging contaminant in theFraser River isrequired;Response: Agree. Nano-particleswere added as chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern and uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in the text.A-15
4. Fish processing plants are fewer in number than in the past, hence sockeye andother salmonids caught in various areas <strong>of</strong> BC are centrally processed at fewerplants, many <strong>of</strong> which are on the Fraser River. Sockeye salmon are known tocarry a wide range <strong>of</strong> native viral diseases, hence the possibility exists that fishprocessing plants are functioning as disease amplifiers due to the volume, andminimal level <strong>of</strong> treatment applied to their fish waste effluent.A screening survey <strong>of</strong> sockeye diseases in the ambient water above and belowfish processing plants, before, during and after sockeye and other peak salmonprocessing periods should be conducted to determine if this is a factor in thelong term decline in Fraser River sockeye salmon.Response: This is an excellent suggestion. Accordingly, it was added to therecommendations listed in Chapter 8.6. Please provide any specific comments for the authors.Page 8, line 569 – change to “…each stock <strong>of</strong> sockeye…”Response: Text revised as suggested.Page 14, line 736 – change to “…Cariboo Pulp…”Response: Text revised as suggested.Page 19, following line 92, consider adding another bullet stating that fish diseasesshould be tested in the effluent from fish processing plants;Response: Text revised as suggested.Page 30, line 1327 – add a space between “…theeffluents…”Response: Text revised as suggested.Page 32, line 1415 – state the years when Adams Lake and Chilco Lake were fertilized,as neither lake is currently being fertilized and this gives the impression that these areongoing fertilization programs;Response: Text revised as suggested.Page 70, following line 2728, consider adding nanoparticles to the list <strong>of</strong> emergingcontaminants;Response: Text revised as suggested.A-16
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Page 525 and 526: Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
Page 527 and 528: Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
Page 529 and 530: Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
Page 531 and 532: Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
Page 533 and 534: Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
Page 535 and 536: Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
Page 537 and 538: Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
Page 539 and 540: Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Page 543 and 544: Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
Page 545 and 546: Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Page 589 and 590: deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
Page 591 and 592: Appendix 5. Data description and so
Page 603: Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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