Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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sludge in landfills (and subsequent leaching <strong>of</strong> contaminants to surface water), andthrough placement <strong>of</strong> biosolids in upland areas (and subsequent contamination <strong>of</strong>surface water via run<strong>of</strong>f from application sites). Of these, direct discharges to surfacewater are likely to result in the highest concentrations <strong>of</strong> hormones, synthetichormones, and other endocrine disrupting compounds in surface water. Certainpharmaceuticals and personal care products could also be released from the variousfacilities that manufacture detergents, fabric s<strong>of</strong>teners, or other personal care productsthat contain nonylphenols or other surfactants.Industrial Chemicals - There are many ongoing and historic sources <strong>of</strong> industrialchemicals in the Fraser River Basin. For chlorinated organic compounds (such asPCDDs/PCDFs, chlorophenols, and other substances), pulp and paper mills usingchlorine bleaching were primary sources. However, process changes implemented inthe early 1990's reduced or eliminated the use <strong>of</strong> chlorine bleaching. This resulted insubstantial reductions in the production <strong>of</strong> absorbable organic halides (AOX) duringthe pulp and paper-making process (Clapp et al. 1996). Nevertheless, it is likely thatsediments in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> pulp and paper mill effluent discharges and, to a less extent,ongoing releases from these facilities, continue to be ongoing sources <strong>of</strong> chlorinatedorganic compounds in the watershed (Figure 3.1). However, wood preservationfacilities (Figure 3.3) and/or contaminated sites (Figure 3.10) may now represent moreimportant sources <strong>of</strong> chlorinated phenolic compounds and, possibly, PCDDs/PCDFs.Atmospheric transport also represents a potential source <strong>of</strong> chlorinated organiccompounds in the study area. Phenols and dichlorophenols are likely to be releasedprimarily from pulp and paper mills, wood preservation facilities, and municipalwastewater treatment plants in the Fraser River Basin. Chlorinated organiccompounds are released to the aquatic environment through resuspension <strong>of</strong>contaminated sediments, bioaccumulation (and associated food web transfer) <strong>of</strong>sediment-associated chemicals, direct effluent discharges, and deposition <strong>of</strong>atmospheric contaminants.The sources <strong>of</strong> PAHs in the Fraser River Basin include virtually all <strong>of</strong> theanthropogenic activities that are conducted in the watershed. Of these, dischargesfrom municipal wastewater treatment plants, run<strong>of</strong>f from wood preservation facilitiesusing creosote, run<strong>of</strong>f from urban areas and contaminated sites, and petroleum spillsare probably the most important sources <strong>of</strong> petrogenic PAHs (i.e., oil-derived PAHs;Sekala et al. 1995; ENKON Environmental Ltd. 1999; Shaw et al. 2009). In contrast,pyrogenic PAHs in the study area are principally derived from forest fires and othercombustion sources (e.g., internal combustion engines, incineration <strong>of</strong> wood wastes,79
and home wood heating; Johannessen and Ross 2002). In situ sediments alsorepresent potential sources <strong>of</strong> PAHs in areas that have received substantial inputs inthe past. As a class, PAHs are typically released to aquatic ecosystems viaresuspension <strong>of</strong> contaminated sediments, direct effluent discharges from varioussources, run<strong>of</strong>f from urban areas and contaminated sites, and accidental spills.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group <strong>of</strong> 209 individual chemicals that wereused in various applications before being banned in Canada in 1977 and in the UnitedStates in 1979. PCBs were primarily used in transformers, capacitors, and heattransfer systems (60%), as plasticizers (25%), in hydraulic fluids (10%), and other uses(5%; EIP Associated 1997). In the past, the primary sources <strong>of</strong> PCBs in the FraserRiver Basin may have included electric power generation facilities, pulp and papermills, scrap metal recycling facilities, paper recycling operations, automobile salvagefacilities, and various repair facilities. Current sources <strong>of</strong> these contaminants likelyinclude in situ sediments, run<strong>of</strong>f from contaminated sites, wastewater treatment plantdischarges, landfill leachates, and atmospheric deposition.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group <strong>of</strong> 209 individual chemicals (i.e.,congeners) that have been used as fire retardants in a variety <strong>of</strong> consumer products.While PBDEs are not manufactured in Canada, they are imported in such products ascomputer housings, household appliances, polyurethane foams used in householdfurniture, mattresses, carpets, and car seats, a variety <strong>of</strong> electrical and electroniccomponents, paint, textiles, building materials, and plastics (Environment Canada2004). About 90% <strong>of</strong> the PBDEs produced worldwide is used in polyurethane foams.According to Environment Canada (2006), PBDEs are released to the environment viamunicipal or industrial wastewater discharges, landfill leachates, and municipalincineration facilities. Of these, municipal wastewater effluents appear to be one <strong>of</strong> themore important sources <strong>of</strong> PCDEs (Johannessen et al. 2008). In addition, PBDEs arereleased in association with in-service use <strong>of</strong> products containing polyurethane foam.Long-range atmospheric transport contributes to loadings <strong>of</strong> PBDEs to the Canadianenvironment in general and the Fraser River Basin in particular (Environment Canada2006; Noël et al. 2009).Bisphenol A and phthalate esters are industrial chemicals that are used in the plasticsmanufacturing industry. Bisphenol A is one <strong>of</strong> the chemicals used to producepolycarbonate plastics, food can linings, electrical sheathings, polyvinyl chloride, andadhesives. The term, phthalates, describes a group <strong>of</strong> chemicals that are used asplasticizers (i.e., to make plastic s<strong>of</strong>t), as solvents in perfumes, hairsprays, and insect80
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
Page 55 and 56: • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
Page 75 and 76: warrants further assessment to dete
Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
Page 113 and 114: and gonadosomatic index scores were
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
Page 133 and 134: concern relative to human or enviro
Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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