Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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eleased to aquatic ecosystems due to accidental spills. Nevertheless, data were retrievedfrom the B.C. Ministry <strong>of</strong> Environment’s Provincial Emergency Program through theirDangerous Goods Incident Reports for March to June 2007 (Figure 3.11; Table 3.14).These data were explicitly targeted to determine if a major spill occurred in 2007 duringthe period that outmigrant smolts were likely present in the Lower Fraser River (i.e., todetermine if a major incident occurred that could explain poor returns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonto the river in 2009). None <strong>of</strong> the spills reported in 2007 (March - June) were <strong>of</strong> sufficientvolume to result in water quality degradation or sufficient to adversely affect the entireyear class <strong>of</strong> outmigrating sockeye salmon smolts.Based on experience in conducting contaminated site assessments and evaluations <strong>of</strong>accidental spills, it is likely that the following contaminants have been released into theFraser River or its tributaries from one or more contaminated sites or accidentalcontaminant spills:• Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia);• Metals (e.g., aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, copper, chromium,iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc);• Cyanide;• Organotins (tributyltin);• Phenolic compounds (phenol, cresol);• Chlorinated phenolics (e.g., pentachlorophenol);• Monoaromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., BTEX);• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., parent PAHs, alkylated PAHs, totalPAHs);• Creosote;• Petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and grease, diesel-range organics, alkanes);• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);• Phthalate esters (e.g., BEHP);• Legacy organochlorine pesticides (e.g., aldrin, chlordane, DDTs, dieldrin,endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane); and,• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans.29
3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treatment FacilitiesMunicipal wastewater treatment plants are located throughout the Fraser River Basin(Figure 3.12; Table 3.15). At least three such facilities are located in the Nechako Area <strong>of</strong>Interest (i.e., at Fort St. James, Fraser Lake and Vanderho<strong>of</strong>), which collectively discharge3up to 5,022 m /d <strong>of</strong> secondary treated wastewater to receiving waters. In the UpperFraser Area <strong>of</strong> Interest, there are at least ten wastewater treatment plants that collectively3discharge up to 56,760 m /d <strong>of</strong> primary or secondary treated wastewater to the FraserRiver. These wastewater treatment plant facilities are located in McBride (1 plant), PrinceGeorge (4 plants), Williams Lake (1 plant), Lillooet (1 plant), District <strong>of</strong> Wells (1 plant),Fraser Valley Regional District-North Bend (1 plant) and Lytton (1 plant). Within theNorth, Lower, and South Thompson River areas <strong>of</strong> interest, wastewater treatment plantsare being operated at Salmon Arm, Chase, Kamloops, Clinton, Merritt, Enderby, and,3Ashcr<strong>of</strong>t. Together, these wastewater treatment plants discharge up to 66,070 m /d <strong>of</strong>secondary or tertiary treated wastewater to the Thompson River and/or its tributaries. Aswould be expected, the highest density <strong>of</strong> wastewater treatment plants are located in theLower Fraser River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest, which has the highest population density in the studyarea. There are at least 12 wastewater treatment plants operating with in this geographic3area, 10 <strong>of</strong> which collectively discharge up to 1,475,000 m /d <strong>of</strong> secondary treatedwastewater to the Fraser River. One facility, the Iona Island wastewater treatment plant,3discharges up to 1,530,000 m /d <strong>of</strong> primary treated wastewater directly to the Strait <strong>of</strong>Georgia via deep-water outfalls. For a listing <strong>of</strong> the substances that typically occur inmunicipal wastewater treatment plant effluents see Table 3.16.Limited site-specific data confirm that municipal wastewater treatment plants in the FraserRiver Basin release a wide range <strong>of</strong> contaminants into the environment. Sylvestre et al.(1998) measured the concentrations <strong>of</strong> a broad suite on chemicals upstream anddownstream <strong>of</strong> the Annacis Island wastewater treatment plant on the main arm <strong>of</strong> theFraser River. The results <strong>of</strong> this study demonstrated that the levels <strong>of</strong> chromium, copper,iron, zinc, and total PCBs exceeded water quality guidelines downstream <strong>of</strong> thewastewater treatment plant. In addition, the levels <strong>of</strong> nonylphenols, PAHs, ammonia, andmicrobiological variables were elevated downstream <strong>of</strong> the facility compared to theconcentrations measured at the upstream site.In addition to these traditional chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern, wastewater treatment plantsare also know to contain a variety <strong>of</strong> pharmaceuticals and personal care products.Information was not located in the literature to document either the concentrations <strong>of</strong>these contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the effluents <strong>of</strong> wastewater treatment plantlocated within the Fraser River Basin or the associated loadings to receiving water30
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February 2011technical report 2<str
Page 6 and 7: thresholds), which represent lowest
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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