Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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have been observed in recent years. Furthermore, feminization <strong>of</strong> one male sockeyesalmon (i.e., a genetic male with ovaries) collected in 2007 was reported (Siska TraditionsSociety 2009). Such changes in salmon physiology are not unlike those that could occurin response to endocrine disrupting compounds and/or other contaminants.Overall, the results <strong>of</strong> this evaluation also demonstrate that the contaminant exposurescannot be discounted as a potential contributing factor for responses <strong>of</strong> Fraser Riversockeye salmon over the past two decades and/or for the low returns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon tothe river in 2009. For all five lines-<strong>of</strong>-evidence, it was not possible to categoricallydisprove the hypothesis that exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds or othercontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern have contributed to the decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeyesalmon. Therefore, it is concluded that exposure to endocrine disrupting compoundsand/or other contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern represents a possible contributing factor inthe decline <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon abundance in the Fraser River basin. The pathways throughwhich such effects on sockeye salmon abundance could be expressed include:• Immunosuppression due to exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (suchas PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, and other endocrine disrupting compounds) duringsmolt outmigration and associated increased susceptibility to infection bydisease agents, leading to higher rates <strong>of</strong> mortality;• Reduced ability to adapt to conditions in marine ecosystems due to exposure toendocrine disrupting compounds (such as APEOs and associated metabolites)during smolt outmigration, an effect that is likely enhanced by increasedsusceptibility to infection by disease agents; and,• Reduced survival <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon eggs due to magnification <strong>of</strong> persistent,bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants (such as PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs)in gonad tissues during upstream migration. This effect is likely to be mostsevere for those stocks that travel the longest distances during upstreammigration.In addition, it is possible that exposure <strong>of</strong> adult sockeye salmon to endocrine disruptingcompounds and/or other contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the lower Fraser Riverduring upstream migration could result in some level <strong>of</strong> immunosuppression. Such effectscould lead to increases in en-route and/or pre-spawning mortality, especially for thosestocks that migrate upstream at times when water temperatures exceed 18 C (Hinch andoMartins 2011). Such sockeye salmon adults would be particularly susceptible to infectionby the pathogen, Parvicapsula sp. Resolving uncertainties regarding the nature,119
magnitude, and spatial extent <strong>of</strong> effects on Fraser River sockeye salmon associated withexposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and other contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concernwill necessitate development and implementation <strong>of</strong> well-designed research andmonitoring programs over the next ten years.120
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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