Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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concern is intended to identify the substances that occur at concentrations sufficient toadversely affect the survival, growth, or reproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the FraserRiver Basin. For this reason, it is necessary to establish toxicity thresholds (which are alsotermed toxicity reference values) for sockeye salmon that can be used to determine if thepresence <strong>of</strong> contaminants in aquatic habitats within the study area could have caused orsubstantially contributed to declines in sockeye salmon productivity over the past twodecades. For the purpose <strong>of</strong> conducting a detailed analysis <strong>of</strong> the contaminants <strong>of</strong>concern, a toxicity threshold is defined as the concentration <strong>of</strong> a contaminant in water,sediment, or fish tissues above which adverse effects on survival, growth, or reproductionare likely to be observed in sockeye salmon exposed for extended periods <strong>of</strong> time toenvironmental media that contain the substance, either alone or in complex mixtures <strong>of</strong>contaminants.Toxicity Thresholds for Water - A total <strong>of</strong> 17 substances were identified ascontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in water based on the results <strong>of</strong> the preliminary evaluationand subsequent refinement process (see Section 5.1). For each <strong>of</strong> these substances,toxicity thresholds for sockeye salmon or other salmonid fishes were estimated usingdata and information contained in the published literature. More specifically,compilations <strong>of</strong> the available toxicity data (such as contained within substance-specificwater quality guidelines and water quality criteria documents) were reviewed tosupport the identification <strong>of</strong> toxicity thresholds for each contaminant <strong>of</strong> concern inwater. The sockeye salmon-specific or salmonid-specific toxicity thresholds wereestablished using the following procedures:• For substances for which the toxicity screening value used in the preliminaryevaluation was based on toxicity data for non-salmonid species (i.e., data onthe toxicity <strong>of</strong> the substance to aquatic plants, invertebrates, non-salmonidfishes, or amphibians), toxicity thresholds for evaluating the potential effects <strong>of</strong>contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern on sockeye salmon were established using one <strong>of</strong> thefollowing procedures:1. Identify the lowest median lethal concentration (LC 50) obtained in a toxicitytest conducted on sockeye salmon or another salmonid species thatextended for at least 96 hours. The lowest LC 50 was then multiplied by asafety factor <strong>of</strong> 0.1, in accordance with CCME (1999) procedures;2. Identify the lowest effective concentration (i.e., EC25-type value) for a nonlethalendpoint obtained in a toxicity test conducted on sockeye salmon oranother salmonid species that extended for at least 96 hours. The lowestEC was then multiplied by a safety factor <strong>of</strong> 0.5;2559
3. For hardness-dependent water quality guidelines, substitute the interceptvalue for sockeye salmon or the most sensitive salmonid species for theintercept value for the non-salmonid species used to derive the toxicityscreening value (the slope was not adjusted, however);4. Calculate the ratio <strong>of</strong> the final acute value for sockeye salmon or the mostsensitive salmonid species to the final acute value for the species that wasused to derive the water quality guidelines. Multiply the toxicity screeningvalue by the ratio <strong>of</strong> final acute values derived in this manner to estimatethe toxicity threshold for sockeye salmon; or,5. Identify the toxicity threshold directly from the maximum acceptabletoxicant concentration reported for a sub-lethal endpoint obtained based onthe results <strong>of</strong> an acceptable long-term study on sockeye salmon or anothersalmonid species.• For substances for which the selected toxicity screening value was based ontoxicity data for salmonid species, toxicity thresholds for sockeye salmon wereestablished using the following procedures:1. Calculate the ratio <strong>of</strong> the final acute value for sockeye salmon to the finalacute value for the salmonid species that was used to derive the waterquality guideline. Multiply the toxicity screening value by the ratio <strong>of</strong> finalacute values derived in this manner to estimate the toxicity threshold forsockeye salmon.In some cases, the toxicity screening values used in the preliminary evaluation wereadopted directly as the toxicity thresholds for sockeye salmon. In these cases, thetoxicity screening value was already based on salmonid toxicity data and/or nosockeye-salmon specific toxicity data were available. The toxicity thresholds that wereselected for evaluating surface-water chemistry data from the Fraser River Basin arepresented in Table 5.1.For each surface water sample, a water quality index score was also calculated usingthe methods described in CCME (1999). The water quality index provides aconsistent basis for evaluating the proportion <strong>of</strong> toxicity screening values exceeded,the frequency <strong>of</strong> exceedance <strong>of</strong> the toxicity screening values, and the magnitude <strong>of</strong>exceedance <strong>of</strong> the toxicity screening values. Accordingly, the water quality indexprovides a convenient tool for comparing water quality conditions across geographicareas and across time periods (see Appendix 5 and CCME 1999 on detailedinformation for calculating the water quality index).60
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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Page 85: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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