Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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with clear-cut logging. Such releases <strong>of</strong> fine sediment can result in elevated levels <strong>of</strong> TSSin water and/or degradation <strong>of</strong> the quality <strong>of</strong> stream-bed substrates (Newcombe andMacDonald 1991; Caux et al. 1997). However, forest management activities can alsoresult in the losses <strong>of</strong> fertilizer and/or pesticides that are applied to enhance the production<strong>of</strong> timber (i.e., through run<strong>of</strong>f to receiving waters). Some <strong>of</strong> the pesticides that are usedto manage forest resources in the study area include (Verrin et al. 2004):• Herbicides, such as glyphosate (which accounts for over 90% <strong>of</strong> forestpesticide herbicide use), triclopyr (which has increased in use between 1991and 1998, and has been correlated with pre-spawn mortality in late-runsockeye salmon; Johannessen and Ross 2002), picloram, and2,4,-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); and,• Insecticides, such as BT, fenithrothion, carbaryl, and monosodiummethanearsonate (MSMA).In addition, to nutrients, TSS, and pesticides, run<strong>of</strong>f from forest management areas has thepotential to contain a variety <strong>of</strong> fire-suppression and fire-retardant chemicals. There are avariety <strong>of</strong> fire-suppression chemicals on the market (e.g., AnsulSilv-Ex, Angus ForExpanS, Fire Quench, 3M Firebreak, and Phos-ChekWD-881; Adams and Simons 1999). Theseproducts are all foams, containing surfactants, foaming agents, and wetting agents. Theywork by increasing the ability <strong>of</strong> water to penetrate fuels and, thereby, decreasing theirpotential to ignite. These products also insulate the fuel from heat and reduce contactwith the air. The surfactants contained in these products make them toxic to aquaticorganisms at concentrations in the 10 to 100 mg/L range (Gaikowski et al. 1996; Mizukiet al. 2007)Long-term fire retardants, such as Phos-Chek D75-F, Phos-Chek D75-R, Fire-Trol GTS-R, and FireTrol 931, typically contain mixtures <strong>of</strong> diammonium sulphate, diammoniumphosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, and/or ammonium polyphosphateas the active fire retardants (Adams and Simons 1999). These products also contain gumthickeners, an iron oxide-based colouring agent, and preservatives, which are mixed withwater to ensure uniform dispersal. The active ingredients react with the products <strong>of</strong>combustion to lower the combustibility <strong>of</strong> the fuel (Johannnessen and Ross 2002). Thetoxicity <strong>of</strong> fire-retardant chemicals is primarily due to the formation <strong>of</strong> ammonia and aretoxic to aquatic organisms at concentrations in the 100 to 1000 mg/L range (Gaikowski etal. 1996; McDonald et al. 1997). However, the presence <strong>of</strong> other ingredients, such assodium ferrocyanide, can render these products more toxic, primarily because photolysiscan lead to the formation <strong>of</strong> cyanide (which is highly toxic to fish; Little and Calfee 2000).35
In summary, the contaminants that could be released into aquatic ecosystems in run<strong>of</strong>ffrom forest management areas include:• Conventional variables (TSS);• Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphorus);• Herbicides (glyphosate, triclopyr, picloram, and 2,4-D);• Surfactants (e.g., amphoteric fluorosurfactants, non-ionic fluorosurfactants,anionic hydrocarbon surfactants);• Fire retardants (diammonium sulphate, diammonium phosphate, ammoniumsulphate, ammonium phosphate, and/or ammonium polyphosphate); and,• Cyanides.3.1.2.2 Run<strong>of</strong>f from Agricultural OperationsA diversity <strong>of</strong> agricultural activities are practised within the Fraser River Basin. In thecentral and northern portions <strong>of</strong> the watershed (i.e., Nechako River, Bowron River,Quesnel River, Chilko River, and North Thompson River areas <strong>of</strong> interest), agriculturalactivities are primarily focussed on livestock production (i.e., cattle ranching), withextensive grazing occurring on range lands. Intensive livestock production may also occurin certain areas (e.g., feed lots; chicken farms). In addition, hay production represents animportant land use in these areas, with multiple crops produced annually on irrigatedlands. Water quality concerns associated with ranching and associated feed productioninclude:• Production <strong>of</strong> TSS where livestock are permitted access to streams forwatering;• Releases <strong>of</strong> nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphorus) associated withfertilizer use or manure spreading;• Releases <strong>of</strong> nutrients and microorganisms from feedlots or when livestock havedirect access to streams; and,• Releases <strong>of</strong> pesticides used in forage crop and hay production, includingherbicides (e.g., 2,4-D, atrazine, glyphosate), insecticides (e.g., chlorpyrifos,carbaryl), and fungicides (chlorothalonil, sulfur; Verrin et al. 2004).36
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
Page 55 and 56: • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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