Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, and sulfadimethoxine being the most commonlydetected chemicals (Smital 2008). Furthermore, disinfectants used to clean incubation orrearing facilities or to kill pathogens in the effluent have the potential to occur in effluentsfrom these facilities. Such products may contain chlorine (e.g., Chlorox Commercial 409),iodine (e.g., SparkDin-2), bromine (e.g., Bromax), peroxides (e.g., CalperOx), potassiumpermanganate (e.g., PermaGard), formalin, formaldehyde (e.g., Microlin; Neomolt),quartenary ammonium compounds (e.g., Bionex 50), isopropanol, and/or potassiummonopersulfate (e.g., Virkon; Oplinger and Wagner 2009; Rivas et al. 1994). Of thesubstances that are used at salmonid enhancement facilities, the following disinfectantslikely represent the highest priority contaminants relative to the potential for effects onsockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin:• Bromine;• Chlorine;• Iodine;• Formalin; and,• Formaldehyde.3.1.2 Non-Point SourcesDiffuse or non-point source discharges represent major contaminant sources in the FraserRiver Basin. Accordingly, the nature <strong>of</strong> non-point source discharges from municipaldevelopments, agricultural activities, forestry activities, and other sources are described inthis section <strong>of</strong> the report.3.1.2.1 Run<strong>of</strong>f from Forest Management AreasThe upland areas within the Fraser River Basin are, to a large extent, actively managedtimber lands, supplying wood fibre to various pulp and paper mills, sawmills, and otherforest products manufacturing facilities within and outside the basin. The areas that havebeen recently harvested (post-1990), historically harvested (pre-1990), and recentlyaffected by wildfires (2005-2010) are shown in Figure 3.16 and described in Table 3.20.The areas affected by mountain pine beetle infestation, which can enhance run<strong>of</strong>f, areshown in Figure 3.17.In general, concerns regarding forest management activities are focussed on losses <strong>of</strong> finesediment due to accelerated erosion associated with road building and maintenance and34