Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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thresholds), which represent lowest observed effect levels <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern forsockeye salmon or other salmonid fishes. The results <strong>of</strong> this assessment indicated thatexposure to contaminated surface water and sediment or accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants infish tissues pose potential hazards to sockeye salmon utilizing spawning, rearing, ormigration habitats within the Fraser River Basin. The substances that occurred in water atconcentrations sufficient to adversely affect the survival, growth, or reproduction <strong>of</strong>Fraser River sockeye salmon included total suspended solids, six metals (aluminum,chromium, copper, iron, mercury and silver), and phenols. However, analyses <strong>of</strong> waterquality index scores and measures <strong>of</strong> productivity (i.e., Ricker residuals) suggested thatdeclines in sockeye salmon abundance over the past 20 years or in 2009 were not likelycaused by the substances considered in the water quality index. While the results <strong>of</strong> thesediment risk assessment showed that the concentrations <strong>of</strong> iron and nickel were elevatedat various locations within the basin, exposure to these contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern insediment is unlikely to be sufficient to adversely affect the survival, growth orreproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon. Nevertheless, the concentrations <strong>of</strong> selenium, and2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents, occurred or are likely to haveoccurred in salmon eggs at concentrations sufficient to adversely affect sockeye salmonreproduction.ES1.4 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and <strong>Contaminants</strong><strong>of</strong> Emerging ConcernDue to limitations on the availability <strong>of</strong> exposure data and/or toxicity thresholds, aqualitative evaluation was conducted to assess the potential effects on Fraser Riversockeye salmon associated with exposure to endocrine disruption chemicals andcontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern. The results <strong>of</strong> this eco-epidemiological evaluationindicate that it is unlikely that exposure to these contaminants is the sole cause <strong>of</strong> theobserved patterns in sockeye salmon abundance, either over the past 20 years or in 2009.However, contaminant exposures cannot be ruled out as a potential contributing factor forresponses <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon over the past two decades and/or for the lowreturns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to the river in 2009.ES1.5 Uncertainty and Data Gap AnalysisThere are a number <strong>of</strong> sources <strong>of</strong> uncertainty in assessments <strong>of</strong> risk to the sockeye salmonassociated with exposure to contaminants in the Fraser River Basin, includinguncertainties in the conceptual model, uncertainties in the effects assessment, andiii
uncertainties in the exposure assessment. The results <strong>of</strong> the uncertainty analysis indicatedthat there are a number <strong>of</strong> key data gaps that substantively affect the confidence that canbe placed in the evaluation <strong>of</strong> the potential effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants on Fraser Riversockeye salmon. The most important <strong>of</strong> these uncertainties is the general absence <strong>of</strong> datathat describe the nature and extent (both spatial and temporal) <strong>of</strong> contamination by totalsuspended solids, major ions, nutrients, metals, and other chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern inspawning and rearing habitats within the watershed. In addition, data on theconcentrations <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting chemicals and other contaminants <strong>of</strong> emergingconcern are generally lacking throughout the study area.ES1.6 Conclusions and RecommendationsThis study was conducted to determine if aquatic contaminants caused or substantiallycontributed to declines in the abundance <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon over the past two decadesand/or the low returns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to the Fraser River in 2009. While limitationson the available data make it difficult to answer this question conclusively, the results <strong>of</strong>this study suggest that:• Exposure to contaminants in surface water, sediments, or fish tissues is not theprimary factor influencing the productivity or abundance <strong>of</strong> Fraser Riversockeye salmon over the past 20 years or in 2009.• There is a strong possibility that exposure to contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern,endocrine disrupting chemicals, and/or contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern hascontributed to the decline <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon abundance in the Fraser RiverBasin over the past 20 years.This evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants on Fraser River sockeye salmon wasconstrained by a number <strong>of</strong> key data gaps. As insufficient data were available to fullyassess the role <strong>of</strong> contaminant exposures in the declines <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon over the pasttwo decades or the low returns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to the Fraser River in 2009, a number<strong>of</strong> recommendations are <strong>of</strong>fered to enhance the probability that the data and informationrequired to conduct a more comprehensive evaluation are available in the future.iv
Page 1: February 2011technical report 2<str
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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