Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Chapter 1 Introduction1.0 BackgroundOn the west coast <strong>of</strong> North America, sockeye salmon utilize freshwater habitats from theSacramento River in California to Kotzebue Sound in Alaska (Burgner 1991). Theirunique life history means that sockeye salmon distribution and abundance are, for the mostpart, related to the availability <strong>of</strong> watersheds that contain linked riverine (for spawning)and lacustrine (for juvenile rearing) habitats. As a result <strong>of</strong> this unique habitat use, the twolargest spawning complexes <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon are found within the Bristol Bay watershed<strong>of</strong> southwestern Alaska and the Fraser River drainage basin <strong>of</strong> British Columbia (Burgner1991). These populations <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon have supported substantial aboriginal,commercial, and recreational fisheries for thousands <strong>of</strong> years.While the productivity <strong>of</strong> Bristol Bay sockeye salmon populations has varied over the past20 years, catches over this period have typically exceeded long-term averages (Eggers andIrvine 2007). In contrast, the productivity <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon utilizing habitats within theFraser River Basin has declined markedly over the past 20 years (Figure 1.1). Concernsover the productivity <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon intensified in 2007 and 2008, whenlow returns severely curtailed the fisheries on this species (McKinnell et al. 2011). Thereturn <strong>of</strong> only 1.5 million adult sockeye salmon in 2009 - the lowest number since 1947,about 10% <strong>of</strong> the pre-season forecast <strong>of</strong> 10.5 million fish (Peterman et al. 2010) -reinforced these concerns and prompted the Governor General in Council to establish aCommission <strong>of</strong> Inquiry into the Decline <strong>of</strong> Sockeye Salmon in the Fraser River (i.e.,Cohen Commission). In accordance with its terms <strong>of</strong> reference, the Cohen Commission isrequired to:• Consider the policies and practices <strong>of</strong> Fisheries and Oceans Canada withrespect to the sockeye salmon fishery in the Fraser River;• Evaluate the causes for the decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon;• Investigate the current state <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon and the long-termprojections for those stocks; and,• Develop recommendations for improving the future sustainability <strong>of</strong> thesockeye salmon fishery in the Fraser River.1
To assist it in fulfilling this mandate, the Cohen Commission engaged a team <strong>of</strong> scientiststo evaluate the potential causes <strong>of</strong> the decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon. The topicsaddressed by these scientists include:• Diseases and parasites;• <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> contaminants on Fraser River sockeye salmon;• Fraser River freshwater ecology and status <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon conservationunits;• Marine ecology;• Impacts <strong>of</strong> salmon farms on Fraser River sockeye salmon;• Fraser River sockeye fisheries and fisheries management;• <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> predators on Fraser River sockeye salmon;• <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> climate change on Fraser River sockeye salmon: literaturecompilation and analysis;• Fraser River sockeye salmon production dynamics - data compilation, literaturereview, and reporting; and,• Fraser River sockeye salmon: Status <strong>of</strong> Fisheries and Oceans Canada scienceand management.It is anticipated that the series <strong>of</strong> scientific reports produced by the science team will assistthe Commissioner during his deliberations on the decline <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the FraserRiver.1.1 Study ObjectivesThis study was conducted to develop an Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> for the FraserRiver Basin and to evaluate the potential effects <strong>of</strong> those contaminants on Fraser Riversockeye salmon (See Appendix 1 for information on the Statement <strong>of</strong> Work for thisproject). To achieve these objectives, a work plan was developed that consisted <strong>of</strong> fourdistinct tasks, including:• Prepare an Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> in the Fraser River in relation tothe distribution <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon conservation units;2
Page 1: February 2011technical report 2<str
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Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
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Page 27: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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