Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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systems. However, data from other sources provides a basis for identifying thepharmaceuticals and personal care products that are commonly present at elevated levelsin wastewater treatment plant effluents (Table 3.17). Based on all <strong>of</strong> the availableinformation, the contaminants that may be released to aquatic ecosystems in associationwith municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent discharges include:• Conventional variables (BOD, COD, TSS, TDS);• Microbiological variables (e.g., faecal coliforms, enterococci);• Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphorus);• Metals (e.g., aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, copper, chromium,iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc);• Cyanide;• Phenolic compounds (phenol, cresol);• Chlorinated phenolics (e.g., pentachlorophenol);• Monoaromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., BTEX);• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., parent PAHs, alkylated PAHs, totalPAHs);• Other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).• Petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and grease, alkanes);• Polychlorinated biphenyls;• Phthalate esters (e.g., BEHP);• Plastics-manufacturing chemicals (bisphenol A);• Fire retardants [i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), diammonium sulphate,diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate,ammonium polyphosphate];• Steroids, hormones, and hormone-mimicking substances (i.e., 17â-estradiol,estrone, 17á-ethinylestradiol, plant sterols, phytoestrogen metabolites; seeTable 3.17);• Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics, antihypertensives, anticonvulsants,antidepressants, anti-acid reflux, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and analgesiccompounds; see Table 3.17);31
• Personal care products (fragrances, insect repellants, detergents,antimicrobials, fungicides, surfactants, and stimulants; see Table 3.17);• Disinfectants (e.g., bromine, chlorine, iodine and disinfection byproducts); and,• Nanoparticles (Nowack and Bucheli 2007).3.1.1.12 Municipal and Industrial LandfillsLandfills have been sited in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> municipal and industrial developmentsthroughout the Fraser River Basin (Figure 3.13). <strong>Contaminants</strong> that are disposed <strong>of</strong> inlandfills can be released to surface water bodies through direct discharge <strong>of</strong> leachates orthrough surface water recharge by contaminated groundwater. Due to the number <strong>of</strong>landfills that exist and the number <strong>of</strong> organizations that operate them (Table 3.18), noattempt was made to characterize landfill leachates on a site-specific basis. Instead,general information on the chemical characteristics <strong>of</strong> landfill leachates was used toidentify the contaminants that may have been released to the Fraser River or its tributariesfrom municipal or industrial landfills, including those that receive sewage sludges, locatedin the study area, including (Niininen et al. 1994; Herrmann 2001; Environmental Healthand Safety Online 2010):• Conventional variables (COD, TSS);• Nutrients (ammonia);• Metals (e.g., aluminum, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, copper, chromium,iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc);• Cyanide;• Volatile organic contaminants (e.g., methane, chlorinated ethanes, chlorinateethenes)• Phenolic compounds (phenol, cresol);• Chlorinated phenolics (e.g., dichlorophenols, trichlorophenols,tetrachlorophenolds, pentachlorophenol);• Nitrobenzenes (e.g., nitrobenzene, methylnitrobenzene);• Monoaromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., BTEX);• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., parent PAHs, alkylated PAHs, totalPAHs);• Other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).32
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
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Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 57: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
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Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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