Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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limitations on the available data make it difficult to answer this question conclusively, theresults <strong>of</strong> this study suggest that the exposure to contaminants in surface water, sediments,or fish tissues is not the primary factor influencing the productivity or abundance <strong>of</strong> FraserRiver sockeye salmon. However, it is a strong possibility that exposure to thecontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and/or uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern (i.e., endocrinedisrupting compounds and contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern) has contributed to thedecline <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon abundance in the Fraser River Basin over the past 20 years.The pathways through which such effects on sockeye salmon could be expressed include:• Decreased egg to fry survival due to exposure to suspended and depositedsediment during incubation;• Decreased fry to smolt survival due to reduced productivity <strong>of</strong> nursery lakes inresponse to lower returns <strong>of</strong> adult sockeye salmon (i.e., depressed nutrientdelivery from the marine environment);• Decreased smolt survival due to exposure to toxic chemicals (such as metalsand phenols) during downstream migration;• Immunosuppression due to exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (suchas PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) during smolt outmigration and associated increasedsusceptibility to infection by disease agents;• Reduced ability to adapt to conditions in marine ecosystems due to exposure toendocrine disrupting compounds (such as APEOs and associated metabolites)during smolt outmigration, an effect that is likely enhanced by increasedsusceptibility to infection by disease agents;• Reduced survival <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon eggs due to magnification <strong>of</strong> persistent,bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants (such as PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs)in gonad tissues during upstream migration. This effect is likely to be mostsevere for those stocks that travel the longest distances during upstreammigration; and/or,• Increased en-route and/or pre-spawning mortality associated with theinteractive effects <strong>of</strong> compromised immunocompetance (resulting fromexposure to endocrine disrupting compounds), elevated water temperatures,and infection by disease agents during upstream migration.139
8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants on Fraser River sockeye salmon wasconstrained by a number <strong>of</strong> key data gaps. As insufficient data were available to fullyassess the role <strong>of</strong> contaminant exposures in the declines <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon over the pasttwo decades or the low returns <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to the Fraser River in 2009, severalrecommendations are <strong>of</strong>fered to enhance the probability that the requisite data andinformation are available in the future. These recommendations include:• Effluent monitoring programs for all industrial sectors should be reviewed andevaluated to determine if they provide the necessary and sufficient data tocharacterize effluents and evaluate effects on aquatic ecosystems. The results<strong>of</strong> such monitoring programs should be compiled in a single database that ispublically accessible.• Routine monitoring programs should be developed and implemented toprovide the data needed to characterize exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to aquaticcontaminants in the incubation habitats, rearing habitats, and migratory habitatsthat are used by sockeye salmon conservation units;• Such monitoring programs should evaluate water quality, sediment quality, andfish-tissue quality on temporal and spatial scales that are relevant for assessingeffects on sockeye salmon and other key indicators <strong>of</strong> environmental qualityconditions;• Such monitoring programs should address the aquatic contaminants identifiedin this investigation. To help focus such monitoring programs, thecontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in each area <strong>of</strong> interest have been identified (Table8.1). Near-term priorities should include TSS and streambed substrate qualitymonitoring in incubation habitats, nutrient monitoring in rearing habitats,dissolved metal monitoring in all habitats, and selenium, PCB, andPCDD/PCDF monitoring in all habitats, and selenium, PCB, and PCDD/PCDFmonitoring in fish tissues. It is likely that well-designed surveys will berequired to identify the appropriate scale <strong>of</strong> monitoring for endocrinedisrupting compounds and contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern;• Ambient monitoring programs should also include direct measures <strong>of</strong> effects onsockeye salmon, such as morphology, physiology, en-route mortality, prespawnmortality, and egg viability;140
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 3.7. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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