Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Environmental Health and Safety Online. 2010. Guide to contaminants found atcontaminated industrial properties. http://www.ehso.com/contaminants.htm.ESSA Technologies. 2010. Evaluating the status <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon androle <strong>of</strong> freshwater ecology in their decline. Prepared for Cohen Commission <strong>of</strong>Inquiry. Vancouver, British Columbia.Fairchild, W.L., E.O. Swansburg, J.T. Arsenault, and S.B. Brown. 1999. Does anassociation between pesticide use and sebsequent declines in catch <strong>of</strong> Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar) represent a case <strong>of</strong> endocrine disruption? Environmental HealthPerspectives 107(5):349-357.Fairchild, W.L., S.B. Brown, and A. Moore. 2002. <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> freshwater contaminants onmarine survival in Atlantic salmon. NPAFC (North Pacific Anadromous FishCommission) Technical Report No. 4:30-32.Filby, A.L., T. Neuparth, K.L. Thorpe, R. Owen, T.S. Galloway, and C.R. Tyler. 2007.Health impacts <strong>of</strong> estrogens in the environment, considering complex mixture effects.Environmental Health Perspectives Vol 115(12):1704-1710.Fisher, J.P., J.M. Spitsbergen, B. Bush, B. Jahan-Parwar. 1994. Effect <strong>of</strong> embryonicexposure on hatching success, survival, growth, and developmental behavior inlandlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. In Environmental Toxicology and RiskAssessment: 2nd volume, ASTM STP 1216, J.W. Gorsuch, F.J. Dwyer, C.G.Ingersoll, La Point TW (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials:Philadelphia; 298–314. (As cited in Meador et al. 2002).Fleming, B.I., T. Kovacs, C.E. Luthe, R.H. Voss, R.M. Berry and P.E. Wrist. 1990. Adiscussion <strong>of</strong> the use <strong>of</strong> the AOX parameter as a tool for environmental protection.Report prepared by PAPRICAN. 26 pp. (As cited in Environment Canada and HealthCanada 1991).Foerster, R.E. 1968. The sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Bulletin <strong>of</strong> the FisheriesResearch Board <strong>of</strong> Canada 162. 422 pp.Fong, P. 1998. Zebra mussel spawning is induced in low concentrations <strong>of</strong> putativeserotonin reuptake inhibitors. The Biological Bulletin. MBL:143-149.Gaikowski, M.P., S.J. Hamilton, K.J. Buhl, S.F. McDonald, and C.H. Summers. 1996.Acute toxicity <strong>of</strong> three fire-retardant and two fire-suppression foam formulations tothe early life stages <strong>of</strong> rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss). EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry 15(8):1365-1374.147
Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the summit on Fraser River sockeyesalmon: Understanding stock declines and prospects for the future. March 30-31,2010. Continuing Studies in Sciences and Centre for Coastal Studies. Simon FraserUniversity. Vancouver, British Columbia. 178 pp + App.Gartner Lee Ltd. 1997. Fraser River Action Plan: Fraser Basin Landfill Inventory. DOEFRAP 1997-19. Environment Canada. Environmental Protection. Fraser PollutionAbatement. North Vancouver, British Columbia.Gaskin, J.E., T. Dafoe, and P. Brooksbank. 1990. Estimation <strong>of</strong> analytical values fromsub-detection limit measurements for water quality parameters. Analyst 115:507-510.(As cited in USACE 1995).Giesy, J.P., P.D. Jones, K. Kannan, J.L. Newsted, D.E. Tillitt, and L.L. Williams. 2002.<strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> chronic dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations <strong>of</strong>2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on survival, growth, reproduction and biochemicalresponses <strong>of</strong> female rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology59:35-53.Gillesby, B.E. and T.R. Zacharewski. 1998. Exoestrogens: mechanisms <strong>of</strong> action andstrategies for identification and assessment. Environmental Toxicology and ChemistryVol 17(1):3-14.Gingrich, S. and R. Macfarlane. 2002. Air pollution from wood-burning fireplaces andstoves. Toronto Public Health. Toronto, Ontario. 18 pp.Glew, D.N. and D.A. Hames. 1971. Aqueous nonelectrolyte soltions. Part X. Mercurysolubility in water. Contribution No. 191. Canadian Journal <strong>of</strong> Chemistry 49: 3114-3118.Gouin, T., D. Mackay, K.C. Jones, T. Harner, and S.N. Meijer. 2004. Evidence for the“grasshopper” effect and fractionation during lon-range atmospheric transport <strong>of</strong>organic contaminants. Environmental Pollution 128:139-148.Grant, S.C.H. and P.S. Ross. 2002. Southern resident killer whales at risk: Toxicchemicals in the British Columbia and Washington environment. Canadian TechnicalReport <strong>of</strong> Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2412. Sidney, British Columbia. 111 pp.Gray, M.A., and C.D. Metcalfe. 1997. Induction <strong>of</strong> testis-ova in Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes) exposed to p-nonylphenol. Environmental Toxicology andChemistry 16(5):1082-1086.Gray, C. and T. Tuominen (Eds.). 1999. Health <strong>of</strong> the Fraser River Aquatic Ecosystem.A synthesis <strong>of</strong> research conducted under the Fraser River Action Plan. DOE FRAP1998-11. Environment Canada. Environmental Conservation Branch. Aquatic andAtmospheric Sciences Division.148
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
Page 153 and 154: Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
Page 165 and 166: the low returns of
Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
Page 199 and 200: Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
Page 201 and 202: Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
Page 203 and 204: Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
Page 219 and 220: Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
Page 221 and 222: Table 3.10. Locations of</s
Page 223 and 224: Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.12. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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