Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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thresholds for fish tissues. Two types <strong>of</strong> toxicity thresholds were established from thescientific literature for each chemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern in each exposure medium (i.e.,surface water and sediments), including toxicity screening values and toxicity referencevalues. The toxicity screening values were intended to identify the concentrations <strong>of</strong>chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern below which adverse effects on aquatic organisms wereunlikely to be observed (i.e., toxicity screening values represented no observed adverseeffect concentrations). By comparison, toxicity reference values were intended to identifythe concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern below which adverse effects onsockeye salmon were unlikely to be observed (i.e., toxicity reference values representedsalmonid-specific lowest observed adverse effect concentrations). As such, thebenchmarks are not subject to measurement errors.There are several sources <strong>of</strong> extrapolation errors in the effects assessment. The selectedtoxicity screening values are intended to represent no observed adverse effectconcentrations. However, as the toxicity screening value is a conservative value, theactual effects thresholds for sockeye salmon could be higher. This limitation wasmitigated by applying the toxicity screening values in a screening-level assessment only.By comparison, the toxicity reference values were intended to identify lowest observedadverse effect concentrations for sockeye salmon, or other salmonid species. Actualtoxicity thresholds for sockeye salmon could be higher or lower than the selected toxicityreference values. As it was not possible to evaluate the reliability <strong>of</strong> the selected toxicityreference values, the level <strong>of</strong> uncertainty associated with the assessments <strong>of</strong> risks tosockeye salmon associated with exposure to surface-water or sediment, and associatedwith the accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants in fish tissues, cannot be determined.Uncertainty in the effects assessments for aquatic receptors is also increased by gaps in theavailable data. Specific data gaps in the effects assessment are presented in Section 7.4.Such data gaps in the effects assessment (i.e., absence <strong>of</strong> toxicity screening values ortoxicity reference values) generally results in under-estimating risks to sockeye salmonutilizing spawning, rearing, and migration habitats within the Fraser River Basin. That is,the effects <strong>of</strong> many chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern on the survival, growth, andreproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon could not be evaluated.7.3 Uncertainties in the Exposure AssessmentThe exposure assessment is intended to describe the actual or potential co-occurrence <strong>of</strong>stressors and receptors. As such, the exposure assessment identifies the exposure123
pathways and the intensity and extent <strong>of</strong> contact with stressors for each receptor or group<strong>of</strong> receptors at risk. There are a number <strong>of</strong> potential sources <strong>of</strong> uncertainty in theexposure assessment, including measurement errors, extrapolation errors, and data gaps.In this assessment, exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern wasevaluated using the results <strong>of</strong> chemical analyses <strong>of</strong> environmental media (i.e., surfacewater, sediment, and fish tissues). Analytical errors and descriptive errors representpotential sources <strong>of</strong> uncertainty for surface-water, sediment, and fish-tissue chemistrydata. Three approaches were used to address concerns relative to these sources <strong>of</strong>uncertainty. First, analytical errors were evaluated using information on the accuracy,precision, and detection limits that were generated to support each <strong>of</strong> the studiesrepresented in the project database (i.e., based on any metadata that were provided withthe analytical results). The results <strong>of</strong> this analysis indicated that most <strong>of</strong> the data used inthis assessment were likely to be reliable. Second, all data entry, data translation, and datamanipulations were audited to assure their accuracy. Data auditing involved a check <strong>of</strong>approximately 10% <strong>of</strong> the data against the primary data sources. In addition, statisticalanalyses <strong>of</strong> resultant data were conducted to evaluate data distributions, generatesummary statistics, and evaluate variability in the observations. As such, measurementerrors in the surface-water, sediment, and fish-tissue chemistry data are considered to be<strong>of</strong> minor importance and are generally unlikely to substantially influence the results <strong>of</strong> theassessment (with mercury in water being a notable exception).Extrapolation errors have the potential to influence the results <strong>of</strong> the assessment. Thesetypes <strong>of</strong> errors were minimized by using most <strong>of</strong> the data for evaluating exposure <strong>of</strong>ecological receptors to chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in their original form. However,application <strong>of</strong> the total metals data in this way likely resulted in overestimation <strong>of</strong> theeffects <strong>of</strong> metals on sockeye salmon, as particulate metal complexes are not highly bioavailable.In addition, no exposure data were available for many chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern. For these substances (i.e., in-use pesticides), exposure was estimated based onproduct use patterns or trends in exposure intensity over time. In addition, availablesurface-water data were extrapolated spatially (i.e., to adjacent or hydrologicallyconnectedwaterbodies) to estimate exposure to sockeye salmon where data were notavailable. As a result, risks to ecological receptors may have been underestimated oroverestimated for the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern and areas <strong>of</strong> interest for which suchextrapolations were made.Data gaps also represent a source <strong>of</strong> uncertainty in the assessments <strong>of</strong> exposure foraquatic receptors. There were numerous data gaps that have the potential to influence the124
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
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Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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Page 149: potential concern were documented a
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Page 155 and 156: • The majority of</strong
Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
Page 199 and 200: Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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