Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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used, are persistent and bioaccumulative, are ubiquitously distributed, areincreasingly being released into the environment (based on data for wildlife andhumans), and may elicit endocrine disruptive effects, risks to sockeye salmonwere likely underestimated due to the lack <strong>of</strong> data on concentrations <strong>of</strong> thesecontaminants in the environment.• Data on the levels <strong>of</strong> hormones, pharmaceuticals, personal care products,disinfectants, disinfectant by-products and nanoparticles are generally lackingfor the study area. As exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to these contaminantscould elicit a variety <strong>of</strong> adverse effects, the absence <strong>of</strong> data on thesecontaminants results in substantial uncertainties in the results <strong>of</strong> the currentassessment <strong>of</strong> effects <strong>of</strong> contaminant exposure on Fraser River sockeyesalmon.7.4.5 Availability <strong>of</strong> Environmental Benchmarks• Toxicity data for many <strong>of</strong> the aquatic contaminants identified in thisinvestigation (e.g., PBDEs, PBBs, APEOs, pharmaceuticals, personal careproducts) are lacking or limited in the scientific literature. This generallimitation makes it difficult to estimate hazards posed by such contaminants t<strong>of</strong>ish and, hence, increases uncertainty in the current assessment.• Numerical water quality guidelines and/or salmonid-specific toxicity thresholdswere not located for many chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern identified in theFraser River Basin. This limitation increased uncertainty in the evaluation <strong>of</strong>effects on sockeye salmon associated with exposure to surface water in thestudy area.• Numerical sediment quality guidelines and/or salmonid-specific toxicitythresholds were not located for many chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern identifiedin the Fraser River Basin. This limitation increased uncertainty in theevaluation <strong>of</strong> effects on sockeye salmon associated with exposure to sedimentsin the study area.• Numerical tissue-residue guidelines and/or salmonid-specific toxicity thresholdsfor fish tissues were not located for certain chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern(e.g., PBDEs) identified in the Fraser River Basin. This limitation increaseduncertainty in the evaluation <strong>of</strong> effects on sockeye salmon associated withaccumulation <strong>of</strong> bioaccumulative contaminants in their tissues.129
7.4.6 Information on Interactive <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> Multiple <strong>Contaminants</strong>• Data on the interactive effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants (such as endocrine disruptors),disease agents, and water temperature on sockeye salmon are not available forthe Fraser River Basin or elsewhere. As contaminants are likely to becontributing to, rather than causing, adverse effects <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeyesalmon, the absence <strong>of</strong> data on such interactive effects during smolt transitionto the marine environment and during upstream migration <strong>of</strong> adults, seriouslylimits evaluations <strong>of</strong> the cumulative effects <strong>of</strong> multiple stressors.7.4.7 Direct Evaluations <strong>of</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> on Sockeye Salmon• Data on the effects <strong>of</strong> exposure to contaminated surface water, exposure tocontaminated sediments, or accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants in fish tissues on thesurvival, growth, or reproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon were generallyunavailable in the literature. While limited monitoring <strong>of</strong> salmon morphologyand/or physiology has been conducted (e.g., Siska Traditions Society 2009),direct measurement <strong>of</strong> contaminant-related effects on sockeye salmon aregenerally lacking. This represents a major data gap.7.4.8 Data Accessibility• It is likely that at least some <strong>of</strong> the information needed to fill the data gapsidentified herein have been generated for the Fraser River basin. However,many agencies and regulated interests maintain their own databases that are notreadily available to the public or do not have a systematic means <strong>of</strong> storing andretrieving such data. As such, it is difficult or impossible to assemble all <strong>of</strong> theinformation needed to conduct a comprehensive assessment <strong>of</strong> the risks posedto sockeye salmon associated with exposure to contaminants in the FraserRiver Basin.130
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
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Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 3.3. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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