Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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esults <strong>of</strong> this assessment. These data gaps are explicitly identified in Section 7.4.Collectively, these limitations on the availability <strong>of</strong> exposure data almost certainly result inunderestimates <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants on Fraser River sockeye salmon.7.4 Key Data GapsThe preliminary and detailed assessments <strong>of</strong> the potential effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants onFraser River sockeye salmon (Chapters 4 and 5, respectively) were constrained bylimitations on the availability <strong>of</strong> effects and exposure data. These data gaps are explicitlyidentified herein to provide a basis for identifying monitoring and research priorities that, ifimplemented, would reduce uncertainties in the assessment. This section presents theresults <strong>of</strong> the data gap analysis, identifying the key data gaps that should be addressed toensure that the necessary and sufficient data to conduct a thorough assessment <strong>of</strong> the role<strong>of</strong> contaminants in the decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River sockeye salmon are available in the future.Information shortfalls that significantly affected our ability to conduct a comprehensiveassessment <strong>of</strong> the effects on sockeye salmon associated with exposure to aquaticcontaminants included gaps in the data on the composition <strong>of</strong> effluents, gaps in the spatialcoverage <strong>of</strong> data, temporal coverage <strong>of</strong> data, availability <strong>of</strong> contaminant data, availability<strong>of</strong> environmental benchmarks, availability <strong>of</strong> information for assessing the interactiveeffects <strong>of</strong> multiple contaminants, and, finally, in the accessibility <strong>of</strong> environmental data.7.4.1 Identification <strong>of</strong> Chemicals <strong>of</strong> <strong>Potential</strong> Concern• Little information was located on the characteristics <strong>of</strong> wastewater dischargesto the Fraser River. While limited information was available for manyindustrial sectors, no data were located for wood preservation, seafoodprocessing, and most mining facilities.7.4.2 Spatial Coverage <strong>of</strong> Environmental Data• No water chemistry data were available for any life history period (e.g.,spawning) for the following areas <strong>of</strong> interest within the Fraser River Basin:Harrison River, Nahatlatch River, and Seton-Portage areas <strong>of</strong> interest.• No sediment chemistry data were available for the following areas <strong>of</strong> interestwithin the Fraser River Basin: Upper Fraser River, Pitt River, Cultus Lake,Kakawa Lake, Nahatlatch River, Seton-Portage, North Thompson River,125
Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechako River, and Bowron River areas <strong>of</strong>interest, and the reference area (i.e., Fraser River at Red Pass).• Data on the concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in surface wateror sediments were not available for the majority <strong>of</strong> the stream reaches that areused for spawning and incubation by sockeye salmon in the study area (e.g.,Upper Pitt River, Chilliwack River, Stuart Lake, tributaries to theTakla/Trembleur Lake system, Upper Adams River). Accordingly, exposure tochemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern during spawning and incubation were estimatedusing data available for other locations (typically downstream orhydrologically-connected sites) in each area <strong>of</strong> interest. This extrapolation <strong>of</strong>the available data to upstream sites substantially increased uncertainty in theresults <strong>of</strong> the exposure assessment for the spawning and incubation period.• Data on the concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in surface wateror sediments were not available for most <strong>of</strong> the nursery lakes or stream reachesthat are used for freshwater rearing by sockeye salmon in the study area (e.g.,Chilliwack Lake, Kakawa Lake, the Stuart/Takla/Trembleur Lake System,Adams Lake, Lilliooet Lake). Accordingly, exposure to chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern during freshwater rearing was generally estimated using data availablefor other locations (typically downstream or hydrologically-connected sites) ineach AoI. This extrapolation <strong>of</strong> the available data to unsampled lacustrine sitessubstantially increased uncertainty in the results <strong>of</strong> the exposure assessment forthe freshwater rearing period.• Fish-tissue chemistry data were located for a limited number <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonstocks (i.e., Early Stuart, Weaver, and Adams stocks) and a limited number <strong>of</strong>contaminants. No data were located on the levels <strong>of</strong> persistentbioaccumulative contaminants in the tissues <strong>of</strong> outmigrating smolts from theFraser River. This limitation makes it difficult to evaluate exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeyesalmon to persistent bioaccumulative contaminants. As a result, risks tosockeye salmon utilizing spawning and rearing habitats within numerous areas<strong>of</strong> interest could not be evaluated for bioaccumulative contaminants.• Data were primarily collected for the purposes <strong>of</strong> environmental impactassessments, water quality objectives monitoring, trend analysis, compliancemonitoring, and background characterization. As such, water quality samplingstations were only infrequently co-located with sockeye-use areas. As impactsto freshwater habitats can be localized, the available data may not accuratelyreflect the exposure scenarios for Fraser River sockeye salmon.126
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
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Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.3. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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