Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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Each <strong>of</strong> these steps in the contaminant <strong>of</strong> concern evaluation process are described in thefollowing sections <strong>of</strong> this chapter. The results <strong>of</strong> this evaluation are also presented anddiscussed.5.1 Refinement <strong>of</strong> the List <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> ConcernThe preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong> the aquatic contaminants (i.e., chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern) was designed to identify all <strong>of</strong> the substances that could, potentially, pose threatsto sockeye salmon or other aquatic organisms utilizing habitats within the Fraser RiverBasin (i.e., contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern). While the results <strong>of</strong> the preliminary evaluationprovide a systematic basis for identifying substances that pose negligible threats tosockeye salmon, the conservative nature <strong>of</strong> the assessment means that the resultant list <strong>of</strong>contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern can include substances that are unlikely to have caused orsubstantially contributed to declines <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the study area. For example, theselected toxicity screening values represent conservative estimates <strong>of</strong> toxicity thresholdsfor ecological receptors, typically equivalent to no observed adverse effect levels. Inaddition, the exposure point concentrations were established based on the maximummeasured concentration <strong>of</strong> each chemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern in each habitat type for eacharea <strong>of</strong> interest. Furthermore, it was assumed that 100% <strong>of</strong> the measured concentrations<strong>of</strong> the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern were biologically available, which is unlikely for totalmetals in surface water that carry substantial suspended sediment loads.To ensure that additional analyses were focussed on the substances that represent potentialrisk drivers for sockeye salmon, a contaminant <strong>of</strong> concern refinement process was used toidentify the substances that would be included in the detailed evaluation. Refinement <strong>of</strong>the list <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern involved reviewing the maximum hazard quotientscalculated in the preliminary assessment and eliminating any substance with a maximumhazard quotient <strong>of</strong> < 2.0. This approach to contaminant <strong>of</strong> concern refinement was usedbecause the toxicity screening values used in the preliminary assessment represent noeffectconcentrations for the most sensitive life stage <strong>of</strong> the most sensitive aquatic speciesfor indefinite exposure periods. Based on a review <strong>of</strong> the toxicological data for manysubstances, MacDonald (1993) concluded that the ratio <strong>of</strong> no-effect levels to lowest-effectlevels was typically on the order <strong>of</strong> 2.0. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that contaminants<strong>of</strong> concern with hazard quotients <strong>of</strong> < 2.0 would pose potential risks to sockeye salmon(i.e., maximum concentrations would be below the lowest observed adverse effectconcentration for a sensitive life stage <strong>of</strong> a sensitive aquatic species.57
For surface water and sediment, the refined lists <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern included thefollowing substances:Surface Water• Conventional variables (TSS);• Nutrients (nitrite);• Major ions (chloride and sulfate);• Metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead,mercury, nickel, selenium, and silver); and,• Phenols.Sediment• Metals (cadmium, iron, and nickel);• Phthalates (BEHP); and,• PAHs [dibenz(a,h)anthracene].As the preliminary evaluation considered data on the levels <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern in abiotic media only (i.e., water and sediment), contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern for fishtissue were not explicitly identified. However, metals (such as mercury and selenium),PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFs, organochlorine pesticides, and other substances have the potentialto accumulate in the tissues <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon. All <strong>of</strong> these substances were identified ascontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in fish tissues.5.2 Selection <strong>of</strong> Toxicity Thresholds for Sockeye SalmonThe toxicity screening values that were used in the preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong> the chemicals<strong>of</strong> potential concern (Chapter 4) were intended to represent no adverse effect levels foraquatic organisms. That is, the toxicity screening values used in the preliminary evaluationare intended to protect all life stages <strong>of</strong> all species <strong>of</strong> aquatic organisms (including aquaticplants, aquatic invertebrates, fish, and amphibians) exposed to chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern for extended periods <strong>of</strong> time (i.e., whole life cycles). Accordingly, such toxicityscreening values provide conservative tools for screening water quality data (i.e.,identifying the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that are unlikely to be associated withadverse effects on sockeye salmon). In contrast, the evaluation <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong>58
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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