Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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The results <strong>of</strong> this assessment indicate that a number <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concernpose potential risks to sockeye salmon and other aquatic organisms, utilizing habitatswithin the Fraser River Basin. The substances with hazard quotients > 1.0 for one ormore areas <strong>of</strong> interest are (Table 4.53):• Metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, and nickel);• Phthalates (BEHP); and,• PAHs [acenaphthalene, benz(a)anthracene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene].These substances were identified as contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and retained for furtherevaluation in the detailed assessment <strong>of</strong> risks to sockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin(Chapter 5). While insufficient data were available to conduct temporal analyses for mostchemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in most areas <strong>of</strong> interest, it appears that contamination <strong>of</strong>sediments by metals has increased over the past 20 years in the Lower Fraser River Area<strong>of</strong> Interest.Many other substances have the potential to partition into the sediments and posepotential hazards to Fraser River sockeye salmon stocks. For sediments, the otherchemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern included organometals, cyanides, monoaromatichydrocarbons, chlorinated and non-chlorinated phenolic compounds, resin and fatty acids,PBDEs, hormone mimicking substances, personal care products, and nanoparticles.However, insufficient data were available to characterize exposures to these contaminantsand/or toxicity screening values were not located for these substances. As such, it was notpossible to evaluate the hazards posed to sockeye salmon in the Fraser River associatedwith exposure to these contaminants. Accordingly, these substances were identified asuncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and were considered, to the extent possible, in thequalitative evaluation <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting chemicals and contaminants <strong>of</strong> emergingconcern (Chapter 6).55
Chapter 5 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Concern5.0 IntroductionA preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong> the substances identified in the Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic<strong>Contaminants</strong> was conducted to determine if one or more chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concernoccurred in environmental media within the Fraser River Basin at concentrations sufficientto pose potential hazards to sockeye salmon (See Chapter 4 for more information). Thepreliminary evaluation was conducted using the existing surface-water chemistry andwhole-sediment chemistry data from the study area. These data were evaluated usingtoxicity screening values from various sources. Because the concentrations <strong>of</strong> one ormore substances exceeded the toxicity screening values, it was concluded that chemicals<strong>of</strong> potential concern pose potential risks to aquatic organisms in the study area. Morespecifically, it was concluded the following substances represent contaminants <strong>of</strong> concernin the Fraser River Basin:• Conventional variables (pH, TSS, turbidity);• Major ions (chloride, fluoride, sulphate);• Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus);• Metals (aluminum, arsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron,lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver);• Total phenols;• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [acenaphthene, benz(a)anthracene,dibenz(a,h)anthracene]; and,• Plastics-related chemicals [bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate].Accordingly, a more detailed evaluation was conducted to determine if one or more <strong>of</strong>these contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern occur at concentrations sufficient to cause or substantiallycontribute to adverse effects on the survival, growth, or reproduction <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonin the Fraser River Basin. This evaluation consisted <strong>of</strong> four main steps, including:• Refinement <strong>of</strong> the list <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern;• Selection <strong>of</strong> salmonid-specific toxicity thresholds (or toxicity reference values);• Refinement <strong>of</strong> the exposure point concentrations; and,• Calculation <strong>of</strong> effect-based hazard quotients.56
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
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Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
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Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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