Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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iver watersheds), and low for stocks with the shortest migration distances (i.e., thosereturning to the Pitt River and Cultus Lake watersheds). Exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonto urban stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f, and associated endocrine disrupting compounds, wouldgenerally have the same pattern as exposure to municipal wastewater treatment planteffluents.Exposure to Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents - There are a total <strong>of</strong> ten pulp and papermills in the Fraser River Basin, with two located near Prince George, two located nearQuesnel, one located near Kamloops, and five located near Vancouver. Exposure <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon to the endocrine disrupting compounds associated with dischargesfrom operating pulp and paper mills occurs when key life history stages are present inareas that receive discharges from pulp and paper mills. Therefore, there is a need toestimate exposure to pulp and paper mill effluent during spawning and incubation,rearing, smolt outmigration, and/or adult upstream migration.As none <strong>of</strong> the operating pulp and paper mills in the Fraser River Basin discharge tostreams that are used for spawning, exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon eggs and alevins topulp and paper mill effluent is likely to be negligible during the incubation period forall conservation units.None <strong>of</strong> the operating pulp and paper mills in the Fraser River Basin discharge effluentdirectly into nursery lakes used for early rearing by sockeye salmon. Accordingly, it isassumed that exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to diluted or undiluted pulp and paper milleffluent is negligible during early rearing for virtually all stocks in the study area. Theexception could be the Harrison River stocks that rear in backwater areas and sloughswithin the Lower Fraser River for a period <strong>of</strong> time before migrating to Georgia Strait.These stocks could be exposed to diluted pulp and paper mill effluent if they rear forsome period <strong>of</strong> time in areas that receive effluent discharges from the pulp and papermills located in the Lower Fraser River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest.All ten pulp and paper mills in the Fraser River Basin are located along the migrationcorridors for sockeye salmon (Figure 3.1). The magnitude and duration <strong>of</strong> exposureto endocrine disrupting compounds associated with pulp and paper mill effluents is afunction <strong>of</strong> the processes used at each mill, treatment efficiency (i.e., removalefficiency for endocrine disrupting compounds), the volume <strong>of</strong> effluent discharged toreceiving waters, the dilution capacity <strong>of</strong> the receiving water systems, distancetravelled during downstream or upstream migration, and sockeye salmon residencetime in areas with significant effluent discharges. As endocrine disrupting compound97
emoval efficiency <strong>of</strong> the various pulp and paper mills and residence time <strong>of</strong>outmigrating smolts and upstream migrating adults in various sections <strong>of</strong> the FraserRiver mainstem is unknown for most stocks, it is assumed that the magnitude andduration <strong>of</strong> exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds in pulp and paper milleffluents are high for up-river stocks with the longest migration distances (i.e., thosereturning to the Quesnel, Bowron, and Nechako river watersheds), moderate forstocks with intermediate migration distances (i.e., those returning to the Chilko,Seton-Portage, and Thompson river watersheds), and low for stocks with the shortestmigration distances (i.e., those returning to the Pitt River and Cultus Lakewatersheds).It is important to note that the pulp and paper mills in the Fraser River Basin are nowunder federal regulations (i.e., Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Regulations). Theseregulations prohibit releases <strong>of</strong> PCDDs/PCDFs in pulp and paper mill effluents (as <strong>of</strong>July 1, 1992). In addition, these regulations prohibit releases <strong>of</strong> acutely toxic effluentfrom pulp and paper mills. To address the requirements specified under theseregulations, many, if not all, <strong>of</strong> the pulp and paper mills refined their productionmethods (i.e., switching from chlorine to chlorine dioxide bleaching) and upgradedtheir effluent treatment systems (i.e., to secondary treatment; Grant and Ross 2002).These changes in the operation <strong>of</strong> the mills have resulted in substantial improvementsin effluent quality, including (McGreer and Belzer 1999):• The number <strong>of</strong> days that toxic effluent is discharged was reduced by 99%;• The results <strong>of</strong> 96-h toxicity tests with rainbow trout showed, on average,100% survival in 100% effluent;• The concentrations <strong>of</strong> TSS and BOD decreased by 34% and 88%, respectively.The levels <strong>of</strong> these variables in the effluents <strong>of</strong> all pulp and paper mills are nowwithin the allowable limits; and,• Releases <strong>of</strong> PCDDs and PCDFs have declined by over 99%.In spite <strong>of</strong> these improvements, discharges <strong>of</strong> treated effluent from pulp and papermills in the Fraser River Basin still represent potential hazards to sockeye salmon.While implementation <strong>of</strong> secondary treatment has substantially reduced theconcentrations <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the endocrine disrupting compounds that have beenmeasured in pulp and paper mill effluents (i.e., heavy metals, chlorinated organiccompounds, and APEOs; Janz et al. 2001), it is uncertain if the concentrations <strong>of</strong> themetabolites <strong>of</strong> such chemicals (many <strong>of</strong> which also have endocrine disruption98
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
Page 145 and 146: infection by various disease agents
Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
Page 149 and 150: potential concern were documented a
Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
Page 153 and 154: Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
Page 159 and 160: • Development of
Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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