Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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• Surfactants (i.e., APEOs, such as octylphenols and nonylphenols);• Fire retardants [e.g., tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate];• Antioxidants (e.g., 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);• Other chemicals (e.g., phenols, bisphenol A, and triclosan);4. Sex and storoidal hormones, including:• Biogenics (e.g., estriol, estrone, progesterone);• Pharmaceuticals (e.g., 17á-ethynylestradiol, mestranol); and,• Sterols (e.g., cholesterol, stigmastanol).In addition to these substances, it is likely that the following chemicals also representcontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the Fraser River Basin:• Organometallic substances (TBT);• In-use herbicides (ethalfluralin, pendimethalin);• In-use fungicides (dazomet, mancozeb, metam, metiram);• Wood preservatives (CCA, ACZA);• Anti-sapstain chemicals (DDAC, IPBC);• Additional fire retardants, including PBDEs and PBBs;• Fluorosurfactants, including PFOS, PFOA;• Polychlorinated paraffins; and,• Nanoparticles.These latter substances should be identified as contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern becausethey are being used or are likely being used in the study area, they have been measured inenvironmental media at elevated or increasing levels, environmental quality guidelines forwater, sediment, and/or fish tissues are not available in Canada, and/or incompleteinformation is available on their toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms.6.2.2 Sources and Releases <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Emerging Concern in theFraser River BasinThere are numerous sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the Fraser RiverBasin. For the pharmaceuticals and personal care products, natural hormones andnanoparticles, municipal wastewater treatment plants represent the primary sources <strong>of</strong>107
these substances to aquatic ecosystems. However, run-<strong>of</strong>f from biosolids application sites,feedlots, and/or manure application sites represents a potential source <strong>of</strong> these chemicals.Various fire retardants and surfactants can also be released from municipal and industrialwastewater treatment plants. Discharges and run<strong>of</strong>f from industrial and manufacturingfacilities also represent sources <strong>of</strong> plasticizers, industrial chemicals, fire retardants, andsurfactants. Wood preservation facilities represent the primary sources <strong>of</strong> woodpreservatives and anti-sapstain chemicals released to receiving waters. Tributyltin andother organotins are likely to be released to the environment from anti-fouling paintsapplied to ocean-going vessels. Atmospheric transport and deposition likely represents animportant source <strong>of</strong> certain contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern, such as PBDEs and PBBs.Chapter 3 provides more information on the sources <strong>of</strong> these contaminants in the studyarea.6.2.3 <strong>Potential</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Emerging Concern on FishIncomplete information is available in the scientific literature to evaluate the nature <strong>of</strong>effects associated with exposure <strong>of</strong> fish to contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern. However,the available data on the endocrine disruption effects <strong>of</strong> certain groups <strong>of</strong> thesecontaminants were discussed in Section 6.1.5 <strong>of</strong> this document. An evaluation <strong>of</strong> thetoxicity <strong>of</strong> the other contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the Fraser River Basin was notconducted as part <strong>of</strong> this investigation.6.2.4 <strong>Potential</strong> Exposure <strong>of</strong> Sockeye Salmon to <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> EmergingConcern in the Fraser River BasinFew data are available with which to document exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon tocontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern within the Fraser River Basin. However, informationon the locations <strong>of</strong> likely sources can be used to infer the levels <strong>of</strong> exposure <strong>of</strong> various lifestages <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to these contaminants. This information suggests that exposureto contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern associated with industrial or municipal wastewatertreatment plant discharges is likely to be negligible for sockeye salmon eggs and alevins inmost <strong>of</strong> the conservation units within the Fraser River Basin. However, all stocks <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon are likely to be exposed to these contaminants for which atmospherictransport represents an important source. Similarly, it is assumed that exposure <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon to contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern originating from municipal orindustrial sources is negligible during early rearing for virtually all stocks in the study area.The exception could be the Harrison River stocks that rear in backwater areas and sloughswithin the Lower Fraser River for a period <strong>of</strong> time before migrating to Georgia Strait.108
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Page 85 and 86: For surface water and sediment, the
Page 87 and 88: 3. For hardness-dependent water qua
Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
Page 91 and 92: concern by area of
Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
Page 95 and 96: least time rearing in freshwater ha
Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
Page 107 and 108: and home wood heating; Johannessen
Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
Page 113 and 114: and gonadosomatic index scores were
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
Page 133: concern relative to human or enviro
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Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
Page 143 and 144: • Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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Page 147 and 148: magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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Page 151 and 152: pathways and the intensity and exte
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
Page 163 and 164: 8.5 Evaluation of
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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