Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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8.2 Temporal and Spatial Scope <strong>of</strong> StudyAdverse effects on ecological receptors can occur when stressors and receptors arepresent in the same place and at the same time. As such, determination <strong>of</strong> exposure <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon to contaminants in the Fraser River Basin requires an understanding <strong>of</strong> thelife history <strong>of</strong> this species. Based on a review <strong>of</strong> the literature on life historycharacteristics, four key time periods when sockeye salmon could be exposed tocontaminants in freshwater habitats were identified, including:• Spawning and incubation <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon eggs and alevins in stream andlakeshore habitats (August 1 to May 31);• Early rearing <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon fry in nursery lakes (April 1 to March 31);• Downstream migration <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon smolts through riverine andestuarine (i.e., Fraser River and tributaries) habitats (May 1 to June 30); and,• Upstream migration <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon adults through estuarine and riverine(i.e., Fraser River and tributaries) habitats (June 1 to September 30).Sockeye salmon utilize spawning and rearing habitats throughout much <strong>of</strong> the Fraser RiverBasin. In addition, juvenile and adult sockeye salmon utilize migration corridors withinthe basin. Sockeye salmon can be exposed to aquatic contaminants in spawning habitats,rearing habitats, and/or migration corridors. Therefore, it is necessary to identify keyexposure areas within the Fraser River Basin that are relevant to the various sockeyesalmon conservation units. These exposure areas, which are referred to as areas <strong>of</strong>interest, are shown in Figure 2.3.8.3 Aquatic Contaminant InventoryLand use information was compiled for each <strong>of</strong> the areas <strong>of</strong> interest within the study area(Table 3.25; Figures 3.22 to 3.36). In addition, the chemicals that may be released toaquatic ecosystems in conjunction with these land uses were identified (Table 3.26). Thisinformation on sources and releases <strong>of</strong> contaminants was then integrated to identify thesubstances that may have been released into aquatic ecosystems within each area <strong>of</strong>interest and the Fraser River Basin as a whole (i.e., Table 3.27). All <strong>of</strong> the substancesincluded in the Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> (Table 3.28) were considered to bechemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in the Fraser River Basin.133
8.4 Preliminary Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Chemicals <strong>of</strong> <strong>Potential</strong> ConcernThe Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> identifies over 200 chemical substances (termedchemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern) that have been released or are likely to have been releasedinto aquatic habitats within the Fraser River Basin. As it is challenging to conduct adetailed evaluation <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> these chemicals on sockeye salmon, acommonly-utilized screening procedure was applied to identify the substances that occurin abiotic environmental media (i.e., surface water or sediment) at concentrations sufficientto pose potential risks to sockeye salmon utilizing habitats in the study area. Thisprocedure consisted <strong>of</strong> five general steps, including:• Pathway Analysis (which was conducted to identify potentially-completeexposure pathways through which sockeye salmon could be exposed to thechemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern);• <strong>Effects</strong> Assessment (which was conducted to identify conservative thresholdsfor adverse effects on aquatic organisms, which are termed toxicity screeningvalues; TSVs);• Exposure Assessment (which was conducted to identify the concentrations <strong>of</strong>chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that sockeye salmon could be exposed to, whichare termed exposure point concentrations or EPCs);• Hazard Evaluation [which was conducted to identify the substances that occurin one or more media types at concentrations sufficient to pose potential risksto sockeye salmon; i.e., by calculating hazard quotients, (HQs), where HQ =EPC/TSV]; and,• Uncertainty Analysis (which was conducted to identify the substances forwhich insufficient information was available to determine if they pose potentialrisks to sockeye salmon).The screening-level assessment was designed to provide a consistent basis for identifyingall <strong>of</strong> the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that pose potential risks to sockeye salmonutilizing spawning and incubation habitats, rearing habitats, and migration corridors withinthe Fraser River Basin. Accordingly, conservative assumptions were used in the effectsand exposure assessments (i.e., the maximum concentration measured for each habitattype in each area <strong>of</strong> interest was selected as the exposure point concentration for eachchemical <strong>of</strong> potential concern; estimates <strong>of</strong> no-effect concentrations for aquatic organismswere selected as the toxicity screening values). Chemicals for which all measuredconcentrations were below the corresponding no-effect concentrations were considered to134
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 3.5. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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