Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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effects and exposure assessment. That is, non-detect values that exceeded thetoxicity screening values in the preliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern, and non-detect values that exceeded the toxicity thresholds in the evaluation<strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern were excluded from the respective analysis. Consistentwith the guidance developed by USACE (1995), one-half <strong>of</strong> the detection limit wassubstituted for all <strong>of</strong> the other less than detection limit data. This procedure facilitatedthe estimation <strong>of</strong> distributions <strong>of</strong> the concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concernand eliminated the potential for identifying significant risks based on less than detectionlimit data.Selection <strong>of</strong> an alternate procedure for treating the less than detection limit data hasthe potential for influencing the results <strong>of</strong> the analysis. For example, substitution <strong>of</strong>zero for less than detection limit data would have skewed the distributions <strong>of</strong> thechemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern concentration data for the 15 areas <strong>of</strong> interest, and forthe study area as a whole (i.e., the estimated 5 th , 10 th , 25 th , 50 th , 75 th , 90 th , and 95 thpercentile concentrations would likely have been lower than the estimates developedfor the assessments). Likewise, substitution <strong>of</strong> the detection limit for the less thandetection limit data would have also skewed the distributions <strong>of</strong> the chemicals <strong>of</strong>potential concern concentration data (i.e., the estimated 5 th , 10 th , 25 th , 50 th , 75 th , 90 th ,and 95 th percentile concentrations would likely have been higher than the estimatesdeveloped for the assessments). Although the influence <strong>of</strong> these alternate methodson the estimate <strong>of</strong> the 75 th or 95 th percentile concentration would likely have beenrelatively minor, their selection could have influenced the identification <strong>of</strong> contaminants<strong>of</strong> concern. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that the nature, magnitude, or spatialdistribution <strong>of</strong> risks to sockeye salmon was affected by the selection <strong>of</strong> data treatmentmethods. As such, the potential impact <strong>of</strong> the methods that were selected for treatingless than detection limit data on the results <strong>of</strong> the assessment are considered to beminor.A4.3 Methodologies used in the Assessment <strong>of</strong> Contaminant Exposure <strong>of</strong>Fraser River Sockeye SalmonA4.3.1 Classification <strong>of</strong> Environmental DataAdverse effects on ecological receptors can occur when stressors and receptors arepresent in the same place and at the same time. As such, determination <strong>of</strong> exposure<strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to contaminants in the Fraser River Basin requires anunderstanding <strong>of</strong> the life history <strong>of</strong> this species. Based on a review <strong>of</strong> the literature onlife history characteristics, four key time periods when sockeye salmon could beexposed to contaminants in freshwater habitats were identified, including:$ Spawning and incubation <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon eggs and alevins instream and lakeshore habitats (August 1 to May 31);A-33
$ Early rearing <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon fry in nursery lakes (April 1 toMarch 31);$ Downstream migration <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon smolts through riverine(i.e., Fraser River and tributaries) and estuarine habitats (May 1 toJune 30); and,$ Upstream migration <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon adults through estuarineand riverine (i.e., Fraser River and tributaries) habitats (June 1 toSeptember 30).Surface water chemistry data, which were collected during the listed exposure periods,were extracted from the project database and used in all further analyses. Thepreliminary evaluation <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern and the evaluation <strong>of</strong>contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern were performed using the surface water quality data for eacharea <strong>of</strong> interest. Due to limitations in the available sediment quality data, these datawere not further categorized according to exposure periods.In addition, the assessment <strong>of</strong> the environmental data was conducted for two distincthistorical time periods: prior to and including 1990 (i.e., pre-1990); and, 1991 up to andincluding 2010 (i.e., post-1990), where data were available. The separation <strong>of</strong> theenvironmental data into these two time periods facilitated the evaluation <strong>of</strong>environmental quality conditions during two distinct trend periods in sockeye salmonproductivity observed over the last 50 years.A4.3.2 Calculation <strong>of</strong> the Water Quality IndexThe CCME Water Quality Index provides a consistent basis for evaluating theproportion <strong>of</strong> toxicity screening values exceeded, the frequency <strong>of</strong> exceedance <strong>of</strong> thetoxicity screening values and the magnitude <strong>of</strong> exceedance. Accordingly, the WaterQuality Index provides a convenient tool for comparing water quality conditions acrossgeographic areas and time periods (CCME 2001; Saffran et al. 2001).Water quality data for the index calculation were grouped by three factors: year,exposure period (e.g., rearing), and salmon stock (e.g., Birkenhead stock). Inaddition, the index period was adjusted to reflect the actual exposure period for eachbrood year as follows:$ Water quality data collected during the brood year were used tocalculate the index during the spawning exposure period;$ Water quality data collected one year after the brood year wereused to calculate the index during the rearing exposure period;$ Water quality data collected two years after the brood year wereused to calculate the index during the outmigration exposureperiod; and,A-34
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Page 533 and 534: Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Page 543 and 544: Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Page 547 and 548: Appendices
Page 549 and 550: SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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Page 555 and 556: WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Page 591 and 592: Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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