Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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• Oil and gas developments;• Bulk storage and shipping facilities;• Other manufacturing facilities;• Contaminated sites and contaminant spills;• Municipal wastewater treatment facilities;• Municipal and industrial landfills; and,• Salmonid enhancement facilities (including lake fertilization projects).Non-Point Sources• Run<strong>of</strong>f from forest management areas;• Run<strong>of</strong>f from agricultural operations;• Run<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> municipal stormwater; and,• Run<strong>of</strong>f from linear developments.Atmospheric Sources• Natural sources <strong>of</strong> atmospheric pollutants (forest fires and volcanoes); and,• Anthropogenic sources <strong>of</strong> atmospheric pollutants (i.e., vehicle emissions,industrial emissions, agricultural emissions, and long-range transport <strong>of</strong>atmospheric pollutants).Each <strong>of</strong> these potential sources <strong>of</strong> toxic and/or bioaccumulative substances is brieflydiscussed in the following sections.3.1.1 Point SourcesThere are a number <strong>of</strong> point sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants that collectively discharge substantialvolumes <strong>of</strong> wastewater into receiving waters within the Fraser River Basin. This section<strong>of</strong> the report describes point source discharges from municipal wastewater treatmentplants, pulp mills, mines, and other facilities that are located within the study area.3.1.1.1 Pulp and Paper MillsThere are a total <strong>of</strong> ten pulp and paper mills operating within the Fraser River Basin,including two located near Prince George (Northwood Pulp Mill and Prince George Pulp13
and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limited partnership), two located near Quesnel (QuesnelRiver Pulp and Cariboo Pulp and Paper Company - West Fraser Mills Ltd.), one locatednear Kamloops (Kamloops Cellulose Fibres - Domtar Pulp and Paper Products Inc.), andfive located near Vancouver (Norampac Burnaby - Cascades Canada Inc.; BuckeyeCanada - Delta Division; Kruger Products L.P - three locations; Figure 3.1, Table 3.1).The chemical characteristics <strong>of</strong> pulp mill effluents are variable depending on the type <strong>of</strong>wood fibre that is available, the bleaching process that is used, and the level <strong>of</strong> treatmentthat is applied. Unbleached pulp mill effluents contain resin acids and soaps, fatty acids,diterpene alcohols, and phytosterols (Environment Canada and Health Canada 1991). Inaddition to these substances, effluents generated by pulp mills utilizing a chlorine bleachingprocess contain chlorinated acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, sugars, aliphatichydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, chloroguaiacols, chlorocatechols,chlorovanallins, chlorosyringols, and chlorinated syringaldehydes (Suntio et al. 1988;Walden et al. 1986). The latter two groups <strong>of</strong> compounds are primarily associated witheffluents from pulp mills utilizing hard wood as the fibre source (Fleming et al. 1990).Table 3.2 provides a listing <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> the substances that are typically found in bleachedkraftpulp mill effluent.In Canada, the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations section <strong>of</strong> the Fisheries Act providesthe legislative authority for regulating discharges from pulp and paper mills to theenvironment. These regulations explicitly identify three prescribed deleterious substances,including biological oxygen demand (BOD) matter, total suspended solids (TSS), andacutely lethal effluent. The first two variables are regulated under the Fisheries Act, withmaximum daily and monthly discharges established for each mill based on its productionrate (expressed in tonnes/day). In addition, all pulp mill effluent must be not acutely toxic,based on the results <strong>of</strong> 96-hr effluent toxicity tests with rainbow trout, Onchorynchusmykiss and/or 48-hr effluent toxicity tests with the cladoceran, Daphnia magna.Furthermore, dischargers are required to conduct a number <strong>of</strong> environmental monitoringstudies to evaluate the potential effects <strong>of</strong> the effluent on fish populations, on fish tissues,and on the benthic invertebrate community. Such environmental effects monitoring mayalso include sub-lethal toxicity testing (i.e., 7-d effluent toxicity tests with the cladoceran,Ceriodaphnia dubia). The levels <strong>of</strong> polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins andpolychlorinated dibenz<strong>of</strong>urans (PCDD/PCDFs) in the effluent are also typically reportedas part <strong>of</strong> this monitoring program.Since 1992, discharges <strong>of</strong> absorbable organic halides (AOX) have been regulated by theprovincial government to reduce releases <strong>of</strong> organochlorines into aquatic environments14
Page 1: February 2011technical report 2<str
Page 6 and 7: thresholds), which represent lowest
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
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Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
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Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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