Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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TSS, nutrients, and pesticides. In addition to causing water quality impairments, many <strong>of</strong>the contaminants associated with such run<strong>of</strong>f are persistent and tend to accumulate inbottom sediments. Hence, depositional areas <strong>of</strong> small streams can accumulate metals,PAHs, and other substances to levels that are toxic to benthic invertebrates and/or benthicfish species (MacDonald et al. 2000a). Importantly, recent research has demonstrated thatthe presence <strong>of</strong> pyrethroid pesticides in sediments can explain much <strong>of</strong> the toxicity tobenthic invertebrates that is observed in wadeable streams in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> metropolitanareas (Holmes et al. 2008; Kemble et al. 2010). Therefore, the principal contaminantsthat are associated with municipal stormwater run<strong>of</strong>f include:• Conventional variables (TSS);• Major ions (chlorides);• Metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc);• Monoaromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., BTEX);• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;• Petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and grease, diesel-range organics, alkanes);• Polychlorinated biphenyls;• Organochlorine pesticides (i.e., chlordane, DDTs, dieldrin, endosulfan, lindane,nonachlor); and,• In-use pesticides (e.g., bifenthrin).The information needed to estimate loadings <strong>of</strong> all <strong>of</strong> these substances to aquaticecosystems in the Fraser River Basin is not readily available. However, Gray andTuominen (1999) reported estimated loadings <strong>of</strong> selected contaminants from urban run<strong>of</strong>fto four areas within the basin, including the upper Fraser River, middle Fraser River, lowerFraser River, and the Thompson River during the early 1990's (Table 3.23; from Gray andTuominen 1999). In addition, total loadings <strong>of</strong> these contaminants to the basin wereestimated. These results confirm that substantial quantities <strong>of</strong> suspended solids, nutrients,metals, phenols, and total hydrocarbons have been released to the Fraser River and theThompson River from non-point municipal sources. It is likely that current loadings <strong>of</strong>these substances to aquatic ecosystems within the study area are substantially higher thanthose reported over a decade ago by Gray and Tuominen (1999).39
3.1.2.4 Run<strong>of</strong>f from Linear DevelopmentsLinear developments in the Fraser River Basin include road networks, rail networks,electrical transmission lines, and seismic lines used in oil and gas development (Figure3.20). The road network in the study area consists <strong>of</strong> public highways and roads that areconstructed and maintained by provincial and municipal governments and a substantialnumber <strong>of</strong> industrial roads that are used in forest management, mining development, andother industrial activities. The rail network is also well developed within the study area,with the major operators including VIA Rail Canada, Canadian Pacific Railroad, and CN.Releases <strong>of</strong> contaminants to aquatic ecosystems can occur during the construction,maintenance, or decommissioning <strong>of</strong> linear developments. Spills <strong>of</strong> hazardous substancesduring transport can also result in contamination <strong>of</strong> receiving water systems. Thesubstances <strong>of</strong> greatest concern relative to linear developments include:• Conventional variables (TSS);• Major ions (e.g., chloride, as a result <strong>of</strong> road salt applications);• Nutrients (e.g., nitrates, nitrite, and ammonia, which are associated withblasting);• Metals (arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc,which may be released during combustion <strong>of</strong> fossil fuels);• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;• Petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., oil and grease, diesel-range organics, alkanes);and,• In-use herbicides (glyphosate, triclopyr, picloram, and 2,4-D, which may beused to maintain rights-<strong>of</strong>-way).3.1.3 Atmospheric SourcesTransport in the atmosphere can represent an important process for distributingcontaminants originating within the watershed, elsewhere in North America, andworldwide. Accordingly, potential atmospheric sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants to the FraserRiver Basin are described in the following sections <strong>of</strong> the report.3.1.3.1 Natural Sources <strong>of</strong> Atmospheric PollutantsPoint source discharges and non-point source releases associated with anthropogenicactivities represent the primary sources <strong>of</strong> contaminants in the Fraser River Basin.40
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35 and 36: life history of th
Page 37 and 38: • Pitt River Area of</str
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
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Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
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Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
Page 103 and 104: glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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