Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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7.4.3 Temporal Coverage <strong>of</strong> Environmental Data• Data on the concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in surface waterand, to a lesser extent, sediments were available for many <strong>of</strong> the areas used asmigration corridors by sockeye salmon. However the temporal coverage <strong>of</strong>environmental data in these areas was <strong>of</strong>ten limited and was not consistentacross the study area. These limitations rendered uncertain the comparisons <strong>of</strong>exposure for the various sockeye salmon conservation units during smoltoutmigration and adult upstream migration.• While the requisite data may be available, information on the timing andspecific habitat use by each sockeye salmon stock during downstreammigration were not located. This limitation necessitated adoption <strong>of</strong> theassumption that outmigration timing and habitat use within the lower FraserRiver was similar for all stocks, with the exception <strong>of</strong> the Harrison River stock.This assumption could result in erroneous conclusions regarding the role <strong>of</strong>contaminants in the decline <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon if the various stocks havedifferential exposure to contaminants.7.4.4 Availability <strong>of</strong> Data on the Contaminant and Ancillary Variables• The assessment <strong>of</strong> exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon to contaminants <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern relies on the comparison <strong>of</strong> observed contaminant concentrations inenvironmental media (e.g., surface water and sediments) to environmentalbenchmarks. As many contaminants are influenced by the chemistry <strong>of</strong> themedia, ancillary information on water quality and/or sediment quality is <strong>of</strong>tenneeded to accurately characterize exposure. That is, data on ancillary variables(i.e., water hardness, temperature, and pH) are <strong>of</strong>ten required to calculatesample-specific benchmarks (i.e., toxicity screening values and/or toxicityreference values). The variables that fall into this category include ammonia,fluoride, aluminum, copper, lead, manganese, and nickel. Therefore, spatialand temporal coverage <strong>of</strong> ammonia, fluoride and some metals was limited tothose stations and samples only for which the ancillary parameters were alsomeasured.• Calculation <strong>of</strong> the water quality index (Saffran et al. 2001) requires at leastfour independent measurements <strong>of</strong> at least four water quality variables for eachperiod <strong>of</strong> time. As data on water quality variables were not consistent spatiallyor temporally for all stocks, the variables and samples used in the indexcalculations had the potential to be inconsistent within and between stocksfrom year-to-year.127
• The majority <strong>of</strong> the available data on the levels <strong>of</strong> metals in surface water weregenerated using methods that measure extractable or total metalconcentrations. However, the toxicity screening values and toxicity referencevalues selected for use in this investigation are based on the results <strong>of</strong> toxicitytests in which dissolved metal concentrations were measured. As extractableand total metals data may overestimate the biologically-available fraction undercertain circumstances (i.e., high TSS load), evaluations based on suchmeasurements likely overestimate risks to sockeye salmon. Therefore,limitations on the available data for dissolved metals represents an importantdata gap.• No data were located on the levels <strong>of</strong> in-use herbicides, insecticides,fungicides, or other pesticides in water, sediment, or fish tissues for anylocation within the Fraser River Basin. Therefore, exposure <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmonto these contaminants can be only inferred from pesticide sales data.• No surface-water chemistry or sediment chemistry data were located for many<strong>of</strong> the contaminants that are typically associated with pulp and paper millwastewaters (e.g., resin acids, fatty acids, PAHs, plant sterols, degradationproducts <strong>of</strong> parent compounds). For phenols and chlorophenols, surface-waterchemistry data were located for only a limited number <strong>of</strong> locations and for onlya limited number <strong>of</strong> sampling dates. Similarly, only limited data were locatedto evaluate the concentrations <strong>of</strong> PCDD/PCDFs in sediments. In thisassessment, it was assumed that sockeye salmon exposure to contaminantsarising from pulp and paper mills has decreased over the past 15 to 20 years.However, this assumption may not be true for certain classes <strong>of</strong> contaminantssuch as plant sterols, or the degradation products <strong>of</strong> parent compounds that actas endocrine disruptors.• No surface-water chemistry or sediment chemistry data were available for any<strong>of</strong> the contaminants that are typically associated with wood preservationfacilities, with the exception <strong>of</strong> PCP. This represents a significant data gapbecause the most recent data available indicate that creosote, CCA, and DDACare the top three pesticides used in British Columbia, based on sales data.Absence <strong>of</strong> data on the levels <strong>of</strong> these contaminants in the environment couldresult in significant underestimates <strong>of</strong> risks to sockeye salmon exposed to thesesubstances.• No data were located on the concentrations <strong>of</strong> surfactants (such as APEOs) orfire retardants (such as PBDEs, PBBs, or PFOS/PFOA) in surface water. Fewdata were located on the concentrations <strong>of</strong> these substances in sediments(PBDEs only) and fish tissues. As these classes <strong>of</strong> contaminants are widely128
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 117 and 118: Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
Page 119 and 120: Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
Page 121 and 122: observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
Page 123 and 124: (See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
Page 125 and 126: emoval efficiency of</stron
Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
Page 131 and 132: Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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Page 135 and 136: these substances to aquatic ecosyst
Page 137 and 138: • Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
Page 139 and 140: chemicals of poten
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Page 157 and 158: 7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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Page 161 and 162: 8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
Page 191 and 192: Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
Page 195 and 196: Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
Page 197 and 198: Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 3.3. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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