Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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e unlikely to cause adverse effects on sockeye salmon within the Fraser River Basin andwere not considered further in the investigation. Chemicals for which one or moremeasured concentrations exceeded the selected toxicity screening value were identified ascontaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and subjected to further evaluation. Chemicals for whichinsufficient information was available to complete the assessment were identified asuncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and were evaluated using qualitative analyses.The results <strong>of</strong> the preliminary assessment indicate that a number <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potentialconcern pose potential risks to sockeye salmon utilizing habitats within the Fraser RiverBasin. The water-borne and sediment-associated substances with hazard quotients > 1.0for one or more areas <strong>of</strong> interest included:Water <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Concern• Conventional Variables (TSS, turbidity, pH)• Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphorus);• Major Ions (chloride, fluoride, sulphate)• Metals (aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron,lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver); and,• Phenols.Sediment <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Concern• Metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel);• Phthalates (BEHP); and,• PAHs [acenaphthalene, benz(a)anthracene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene].These substances were retained for further evaluation in the detailed assessment <strong>of</strong> risks tosockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin. Many other substances have the potential toadversely affect Fraser River sockeye salmon, including organometals, cyanides,monoaromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated and non-chlorinated phenolic compounds, resinand fatty acids, PBDEs, hormone mimicking substances, personal care products, andnanoparticles. However, insufficient data were available to characterize exposures tothese contaminants and/or toxicity screening values were not located for these substances.As such, it was not possible to evaluate the hazards posed to sockeye salmon in the FraserRiver associated with exposure to these contaminants. Accordingly, these substanceswere identified as uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern.135
8.5 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Potential</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Concern on FraserRiver Sockeye SalmonA risk-based approach was used to evaluate the potential effects on sockeye salmonassociated with exposure to contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern in the Fraser River Basin. Thisapproach involved:• Refining the list <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern;• Estimating more realistic exposure point concentrations;• Identifying salmonid-specific toxicity thresholds; and,• Calculating effect-based hazard quotients.Three types <strong>of</strong> data were used to evaluate risks to sockeye salmon associated withexposure to contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern, including surface-water chemistry, sedimentchemistry, and fish-tissue chemistry data. The results <strong>of</strong> this assessment indicate thatexposure to contaminated surface water and sediment, or accumulation <strong>of</strong> contaminants infish tissues, pose potential hazards to sockeye salmon utilizing spawning, rearing, ormigration habitats within the Fraser River Basin.Comparison <strong>of</strong> surface-water chemistry data to the selected toxicity threshold indicate thatexposure to surface water can adversely affect the survival, growth, or reproduction <strong>of</strong>Fraser River sockeye salmon. More specifically, concentrations <strong>of</strong> TSS, six metals(aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, mercury and silver), and phenols are sufficient toadversely affect sockeye salmon. However, the results <strong>of</strong> supplemental analysis <strong>of</strong> thesedata indicate that water quality conditions in freshwater habitats may not be the primaryfactor influencing sockeye salmon productivity in the study area. These supplementalresults showed that water quality (as indicated by water quality index scores) does notexhibit strong temporal trends, as would be expected if the declines in sockeye salmonabundance over the past 20 years were primarily caused by water quality impairments. Inaddition, the productivity <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon (as indicated by life-cycle Ricker residuals)was not correlated with water quality index scores in a way that would suggest that waterquality conditions (as indicated by levels <strong>of</strong> conventional variables, major ions, nutrients,metals, or phenols) are playing a significant role in dictating sockeye salmon abundance.However, the results <strong>of</strong> the analysis and the limitations on the available data make itdifficult to conclude that water quality is not a factor that has contributed to the declines<strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon in the study area since about 1990. Further evaluation is needed toelucidate the roles <strong>of</strong> suspended sediments in spawning habitats, sediment deposition in136
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
Page 189 and 190: USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Page 193 and 194: Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 3.6. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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