Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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that is used to manage the use <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon by commercial fishers, recreationalanglers, and aboriginal groups (i.e., it is not practical to manage each stock <strong>of</strong> sockeyesalmon in the Fraser River independently because they are difficult to distinguish inapproach and riverine fisheries).To address the limitations associated with the stock concept, salmon managers havedeveloped the concept <strong>of</strong> sockeye salmon conservation units to provide a more practicalbasis for managing stocks that originate within a common geographic area. Aconservation unit is defined as “Groups <strong>of</strong> wild salmon living in an area sufficientlyisolated from other groups that, if extirpated, the area is very unlikely to be recolonizednaturally within an acceptable time frame” (Holtby and Ciruna 2007). For Fraser Riversockeye salmon, a total <strong>of</strong> 36 conservation units have been identified, based on data from275 sampling sites in the basin (Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4; Pestal and Cass 2009). Thesesockeye salmon conservation units were examined to identify key exposure areas (i.e.,termed Areas <strong>of</strong> Interest in this study) for sockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin.These areas <strong>of</strong> interest describe the geographic scope <strong>of</strong> the study area.2.3 Areas <strong>of</strong> InterestSockeye salmon utilize spawning and rearing habitats throughout much <strong>of</strong> the Fraser RiverBasin. In addition, juvenile and adult sockeye salmon utilize migration corridors withinthe basin. Sockeye salmon can be exposed to aquatic contaminants in spawning habitats,rearing habitats, and/or migration corridors. Therefore, it is necessary to identify keyexposure areas within the Fraser River Basin that are relevant to the various sockeyesalmon conservation units. These exposure areas are referred to as areas <strong>of</strong> interest in thisstudy.In this study, areas <strong>of</strong> interest were identified using information on the distribution <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon within the Fraser River Basin. More specifically, the sampling sites forearly Stuart, early summer, summer, late, and river-type conservation units (Pestal andCass 2009) were reviewed to identify a total <strong>of</strong> 15 exposure areas within the river basin(Figure 2.3), including:• Lower Fraser River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from river mouth to Hope);• Upper Fraser River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from Hope to Red Pass);9
• Pitt River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., headwaters to the confluence with the FraserRiver);• Harrison River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., headwaters to the confluence with theFraser River, including the Lillooet River, Birkenhead River, and Gates Creekbasins);• Cultus Lake Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., Chilliwack River headwaters to theconfluence <strong>of</strong> the Vedder Canal and the Fraser River);• Kakawa Lake Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., headwaters <strong>of</strong> Kakawa Lake to theconfluence <strong>of</strong> the Coquihalla and Fraser rivers);• Nahatlatch River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., headwaters to the confluence with theFraser River);• Seton-Portage Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., headwaters to the mouth);• Lower Thompson River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from inlet <strong>of</strong> Kamloops Lake tothe confluence <strong>of</strong> the Thompson and Fraser rivers, including the Nicola,Coldwater, and Deadman river basins);• North Thompson River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters <strong>of</strong> theBarriere River to the confluence with the South Thompson River);• South Thompson River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters to theconfluence with the North Thompson River, including the Adams River,Momich River, Eagle River, Scotch Creek, Upper Shushwap River, MiddleShuswap, Lower Shuswap, and Salmon rivers basins);• Chilko River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters <strong>of</strong> the Chilcotin,Chilko, and Taseko rivers to the confluence with the Fraser River);• Quesnel River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters to the confluencewith the Fraser River, including the Mitchell River, McKinley Creek, HorseflyRiver, Little Horsefly River, and Cariboo River basins);• Nechako River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters to the confluencewith the Fraser River, including, the Driftwood River, Middle River, TachieRiver, Nadina River, and Stellako River basins); and• Bowron River Area <strong>of</strong> Interest (i.e., from the headwaters to the confluencewith the Fraser River).Each <strong>of</strong> these areas <strong>of</strong> interest, was further examined to identify key exposure areas forsockeye salmon, including spawning areas, rearing areas, and migration routes. This latter10
Page 1: February 2011technical report 2<str
Page 6 and 7: thresholds), which represent lowest
Page 8 and 9: Table of ContentsE
Page 10 and 11: 5.5 Summary of the
Page 12 and 13: List of TablesTabl
Page 14 and 15: Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
Page 16 and 17: Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
Page 18 and 19: Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
Page 20 and 21: Figure 3.17 Map of
Page 23 and 24: Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
Page 25 and 26: List of Acronyms2,
Page 27 and 28: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 29 and 30: To assist it in fulfilling this man
Page 31 and 32: • Development of
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
Page 35: life history of th
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
Page 41 and 42: and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
Page 43 and 44: 3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
Page 45 and 46: (ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
Page 47 and 48: Effluent toxicity was also included
Page 49 and 50: 2011 for more information on the lo
Page 51 and 52: facilities identified in Table 3.11
Page 53 and 54: Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
Page 55 and 56: • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Page 57 and 58: 3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
Page 59 and 60: • Personal care products (fragran
Page 61 and 62: with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
Page 63 and 64: In summary, the contaminants that c
Page 65 and 66: insecticides, such as phorate, terb
Page 67 and 68: 3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
Page 69 and 70: the substances most amenable to lon
Page 71 and 72: • Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
Page 73 and 74: were used in the effects and exposu
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Page 77 and 78: • Data collected for migration co
Page 79 and 80: Hazard quotients were calculated fo
Page 81 and 82: Many other substances have the pote
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3. For hardness-dependent water qua
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• 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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concern by area of
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0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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least time rearing in freshwater ha
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The results of thi
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Interest and in the South Thompson
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• Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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glycoproteins, polypeptides, peptid
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In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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and home wood heating; Johannessen
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Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
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salinity tolerance were significant
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and gonadosomatic index scores were
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the lowest observed effect concentr
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Spitsbergen et al. (1991) reported
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Chakravorty et al. (1992) observed
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observed in saltwater gobies (Chasm
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(See Chapters 4 and 5 for further i
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emoval efficiency of</stron
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point and non-point source discharg
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Location of NatalS
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Nevertheless, it is possible that e
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concern relative to human or enviro
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these substances to aquatic ecosyst
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• Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs;
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chemicals of poten
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productivity data, it is apparent t
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• Sufficiency - For a cause and e
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infection by various disease agents
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magnitude, and spatial extent <stro
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potential concern were documented a
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pathways and the intensity and exte
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Chilko River, Quesnel River, Nechak
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• The majority of</strong
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7.4.6 Information on Interactive <s
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• Development of
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8.4 Preliminary Evaluation
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8.5 Evaluation of
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the low returns of
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8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
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Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
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Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
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EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
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Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
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Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
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Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
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MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
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Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
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Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
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Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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