Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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<strong>Contaminants</strong> Posing Unknown Risk - The following substances were considered topose unknown risk to late-run sockeye salmon in the Fraser River Basin. It isunknown if such contaminants could be contributing, along with other factors (such asoceanographic conditions, disease, water temperature, etc.), to the decline <strong>of</strong> sockeyesalmon in the study area:• Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (Rationale: Increasing evidence <strong>of</strong>effects and U.S. data show chemicals are common in receiving waters;• Polychlorinated paraffins (Rationale: Production is declining, but compoundsare persistent in the environment); and,• Perfluorinated surfactants (PFOA and PFOS; Rationale: Found in wildlifetissues worldwide, ubiquitous in the environment, and toxicity uncertain)Other contaminants that pose unknown risks ro Fraser River sockeye salmon are likely toinclude pesticides (such as diazinon, carbaryl, ethalfluoralin, pendimethalin, dazomet,mancozeb, metam, and metiram), wood preservatives (such as CCA and ACZA), andnanoparticles.Insufficient information was located to support a detailed evaluation <strong>of</strong> the risks posed tosockeye salmon associated with exposure to contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in theFraser River Basin. Nevertheless, the results <strong>of</strong> the evaluation <strong>of</strong> selected contaminants byJohannessen and Ross (2002) suggest that contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern are asignificant environmental concern that needs to be addressed in British Columbia. Inrecognition <strong>of</strong> the potential effects <strong>of</strong> these chemicals on aquatic organisms, wildlife, andhuman health, many jurisdictions have developed or are in the process <strong>of</strong> developingstrategies for identifying priorities for assessing and managing contaminants <strong>of</strong> emergingconcern. Based on the information presented by Johannessen and Ross (2002),development <strong>of</strong> such a strategy is warranted for the Fraser River Basin and elsewhere inBritish Columbia.6.3 Discussion on the <strong>Potential</strong> Role <strong>of</strong> Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and<strong>Contaminants</strong> <strong>of</strong> Emerging Concern in the Decline <strong>of</strong> Fraser River SockeyeSalmonThe results <strong>of</strong> the preliminary screening indicated that insufficient information wasavailable to evaluate risks to sockeye salmon associated with exposure to many <strong>of</strong> the111
chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern identified in the Inventory <strong>of</strong> Aquatic <strong>Contaminants</strong> for theFraser River Basin (See Chapter 4 for more information). In some cases, the data neededto determine the concentrations <strong>of</strong> chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern in surface water orsediment (i.e., exposure point concentrations) were unavailable. For other chemicals <strong>of</strong>potential concern, exposure levels that corresponded to no observed adverse effectconcentrations (i.e., toxicity screening values) were not defined in the scientific literature.All <strong>of</strong> the chemicals <strong>of</strong> potential concern that fell into these two categories were identifiedas uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and carried forward into the detailed assessment.In the detailed assessment, more realistic exposure assumptions were adopted to evaluatethe potential effects <strong>of</strong> contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern and uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern onsockeye salmon utilizing habitats within the Fraser River Basin. In addition, salmonidspecifictoxicity thresholds (termed toxicity reference values) replaced the toxicityscreening values used in the screening level assessment. In most cases, however,uncertainty regarding the potential effects <strong>of</strong> uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern could notbe resolved in the detailed assessment process. Accordingly, most <strong>of</strong> these contaminantsretained their designations as uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern (See Chapter 5 for moreinformation).Many <strong>of</strong> the uncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern identified in the preliminary and detailedassessments are classified as known endocrine disrupting compounds, potential endocrinedisrupting compounds, and/or contaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern. As insufficientinformation was located to conduct quantitative evaluations <strong>of</strong> the potential effects <strong>of</strong> suchuncertain contaminants <strong>of</strong> concern, a qualitative approach was adopted to assess the risksto sockeye salmon associated with exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds andcontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern in the Fraser River Basin. The results <strong>of</strong> thesequalitative assessments suggest that endocrine disrupting compounds and/or contaminants<strong>of</strong> emerging concern could be causing or substantially contributing to the declines <strong>of</strong>sockeye salmon observed over the past two decades.Direct evidence to demonstrate the effects <strong>of</strong> endocrine disrupting compounds andcontaminants <strong>of</strong> emerging concern on Fraser River sockeye salmon is not available.Nevertheless, indirect lines-<strong>of</strong>-evidence can be used together, in an ecoepidemiologicalapproach, to support or weaken the case that a cause and effect relationship accounts forthe patterns observed in the environment (Suter et al. 2007). In this assessment, such anecoepidemiological approach was used to evaluate the following hypothesis:112
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February 2011technical report 2<str
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thresholds), which represent lowest
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Table of ContentsE
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5.5 Summary of the
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List of TablesTabl
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Table 4.17Table 4.18Table 4.19Table
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Table 4.47Table 4.48Table 4.49Table
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Table 6.4Table 8.1Compounds for Nat
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Figure 3.17 Map of
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Figure 5.20 Late Stuart Sockeye Sal
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List of Acronyms2,
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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To assist it in fulfilling this man
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• Development of
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Chapter 2 Geographic and Temporal S
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life history of th
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• Pitt River Area of</str
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Chapter 3 Inventory of</str
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and Paper Mills - Canfor Pulp Limit
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3.1.1.2 Sawmills, Plywood Mills and
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(ENKON Environmental Ltd. 2001). Co
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Effluent toxicity was also included
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2011 for more information on the lo
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facilities identified in Table 3.11
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Inc.), poultry processing facilitie
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• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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3.1.1.11 Municipal Wastewater Treat
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• Personal care products (fragran
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with oxytetracycline, ormetoprim, a
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In summary, the contaminants that c
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insecticides, such as phorate, terb
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3.1.2.4 Runoff fro
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the substances most amenable to lon
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• Plastic-related compounds (i.e.
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were used in the effects and exposu
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warrants further assessment to dete
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• Data collected for migration co
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Hazard quotients were calculated fo
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Many other substances have the pote
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Chapter 5 Evaluation of</st
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For surface water and sediment, the
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Page 89 and 90: • 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalents
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Page 93 and 94: 0.05 mg/L; Glew and Hames 1971). As
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Page 97 and 98: The results of thi
Page 99 and 100: Interest and in the South Thompson
Page 101 and 102: • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxi
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Page 105 and 106: In-use herbicides in the Fraser Riv
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Page 109 and 110: Pulp and paper mills, saw mills, an
Page 111 and 112: salinity tolerance were significant
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Page 127 and 128: point and non-point source discharg
Page 129 and 130: Location of NatalS
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Page 141 and 142: productivity data, it is apparent t
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Page 167 and 168: 8.9 RecommendationsThis evaluation
Page 169 and 170: Chapter 9 References CitedAdams, R.
Page 171 and 172: Braune, B., D. Muir, B. DeMarch, M.
Page 173 and 174: EIP Associates. 1997. Polychlorinat
Page 175 and 176: Gallaugher, P. and L. Wood (Eds). P
Page 177 and 178: Hinch, S.G. and E.G. Martins. 2011.
Page 179 and 180: Kemble, N.E., D.K. Hardesty, C.G. I
Page 181 and 182: MacLatchy, D., L. Peters, J. Nickle
Page 183 and 184: Milston, R.H., M.S. Fitzpatrick, A.
Page 185 and 186: Peterman, R.M., D. Marmorek, B. Bec
Page 187 and 188: Smith, D.B., R.A. Zielinski, H.E. T
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USACE (U.S. Army Corps of</
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Walker, M.K., J.M. Spitsbergen, J.R
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Table 2.1. Overview of</str
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Table 2.2. Sampling sites for Early
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Table 2.3. Sampling sites for summe
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Table 2.4. Sampling sites for river
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Table 3.1. Listing of</stro
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Table 3.2. Chemicals of</st
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Table 3.8. Major pipelines transpor
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Table 3.10. Locations of</s
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Table 3.11. Listing of</str
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Table 3.16. List of</strong
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Table 3.17. List of</strong
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Table 3.18. Location of</st
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Table 3.20. Summary of</str
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Table 3.23. Estimated annual contam
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Table 3.28. Inventory of</s
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Table 4.1. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.2. Selected toxicity screen
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Table 4.3. Summary of</stro
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Table 4.19. Evaluation of</
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Table 4.32. Frequency of</s
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Table 4.53. Identification
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Table 5.1. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.2. Selected toxicity refere
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Table 5.3. Exposure point concentra
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Table 5.9. Hazard quotients <strong
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Table 5.11. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.19. Hazard quotients <stron
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Table 5.23. Mean concentrations <st
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Table 6.2. Effects
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Table 6.3. Field studies of
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Table 6.4. Compounds for National r
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Table 8.1. Inventory of</st
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Figures
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Figure 5.1. Water Quality Index sco
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Figure 5.3. Fraser River Sockeye Sa
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Figure 5.5. Pitt Sockeye Salmon Pro
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Figure 5.7. Weaver Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.9. Cultus Sockeye Salmon P
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Figure 5.11. Portage Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.13. Fennell Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.15. Late Shuswap Sockeye S
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Figure 5.17. Chilko Sockeye Salmon
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Figure 5.19. Early Stuart Sockeye S
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Figure 5.21. Stellako Sockeye Salmo
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Figure 5.23. Bowron Sockeye Salmon
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Appendices
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SW4 Deliverables4.1 The Contractor
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obtained on one species, sometimes
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• For substances for which the se
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WeaknessesThere is a lot of
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Pg 110 Ln 4189 - now called Listene
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the potential effects of</s
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A-14
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4. Fish processing plants are fewer
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Appendix 3. Environmental Data Sour
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4. Keyword searches for water quali
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A3.5 Contaminant Spill ReportsData
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River Pulp, Kamloops Cellulose Fibr
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Table A3.1. Water quality stations
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Appendix 4. Data Treatment and Meth
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when multiple samples were reported
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$ Early rearing of
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i) The number of t
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In addition, some sockeye salmon (e
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• Selecting probable effect conce
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deBruyn, A.M., H. deBruyn, M.G. Iko
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Appendix 5. Data description and so
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Potential Effects of Contaminants on Fraser River Sockeye Salmon

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