the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

described by means o f the primary terms or combinations o f them as brother's sonfür nephew, father's brother für O n kel, father's brother's son für cousin. D iesw ar the original o f the present system o f the A ryan, Semitic u. Uralian18 families. T h e generalizations they now contain | w ere o f later origin.A l l the tribes, die d. M alayan u. Turanian system besessen, described theirkindred by the same form ula, when asked in w hat manner one person wasrelated to another; nicht as a system o f consanguinity, but as a means o ftracing relationships. Schluss daraus: nach allgemeiner E rrictg d. m onogamiansystems unter Aryans etc, fielen diese back upon the old descriptiveform , always in use under the Turanian system u. dropten diesselbst alsuseless u. untrue to descents.Beweis dass d. original des present system purely descriptive: E rse - typical A ryanform , Esthonian - typical Uralian - are still descriptive. In E rse the onlyterms for the blood relationships the primary: father and mother, brotherand sister, son and daughter. A lle andre kindred described verm ittelst dieserterms, com m encing in the reverse order. Z .B . brother, son o f brother, son o f sono f brother. T h e A ryan system exhibits the actual relationships underm onogam y, assumes that the paternity o f children is known.Später a method o f description, materially different from the Celtic, wasengrafted upon the new system: but w ithout changing its radical features;introduced by the Roman civilians, angenom men dch verschiedne A ryannations, unter denen Rom an influence extended. Slavonic system has somefeatures entirely peculiar, o f Turanian origin (see: Systems o f consanguinityetc p. 40)Römische Aenderungen: unterschieden den väterlichen u. mütterlichen O nkelmit besondern terms dafür, erfanden term fü r Grossvater als correlative o fnepos. M it diesen terms u. d. primary, in connection mit suitable augments,konnten sie systematize the relationships in the lineal u. the first5 collateral lines, which included the body o f the kindred o f each individual.T he A ra bic system passed through processes similar to the Rom an u. mitsimilar results.V o n Ego to tritavus, in the lineal line, 6 generations o f ascendants u. vo n Egoto trinepos the same number o f descendants, in deren description nur 4 radicalterms used. W äre es nöthig to ascend farther, tritavus w ould becom e thenew starting point o f description: tritavi pater bis tritavi tritavus, the 12thancestor o f E g o in the lineal line, m ale; ebenso trinepotis trinepos etc.is t collateral line male: frater; fra tris filius; fra tris nepos; fra tris pronepos bisfra tris trinepos; wenn zum 12t descendant fra tris trinepotis trinepos. D chdiese simple M ethod frater is made the root o f descent in this line.Same line: fem ale: soror, sororis filia , sororis neptis, sororis proneptis bissororis trineptis (6th degree) u. sororis trineptis trineptis (12th descendant)Beide Linien descend von pater; aber, by m aking the brother and sisterthe root o f descent in the description, the line and its tw o branches are123