the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

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Notes to Introduction, p. 7.Notebook B 150 is 22.5 cm. x 18.6 cm., bound, boards, paginated byMarx. The contents are given on front cover in Engels’ hand(incomplete):Lubbock, Origin of Civilisation - p. 1.Marx’s excerpts from Lubbock fill the first eight pages of the notebook,followed by blank pages 9-11. P. 12 bears the heading “Egypt” ,and contains a bibliographic reference to “Mr. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,a member of the Diplomatic Service, not very long ago a BritishConsul in Egypt” . (See Bibliography, below).This is followed by Mulhall’s article (see Bibliography), pp. 12-19.Five further pages of the notebook are blank, unnumbered. Manyfurther pages were excised from the notebook. Facing p. 1 is abibliographic entry by Marx on Watson and Kaye, The People of India,v. II (see Bibliography), and on Tomkin and Lemon: “Commentariesof Gajus” .On the chronology of the notebooks, see Addendum 1.I take this occasion to express my profound gratitude to the IISG,its Director and staff. In particular I am endebted for their cooperativenessand knowledgeability to Messrs. H. P. Harstick, G. Langkau,and Ch. B. Timmer.16 M. M. Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe zewhvladenie. Prichiny, Khod i Posledstviiaego Ra%lo%heniia (Communal landownership. Causes, course andconsequences of its decline). Pt. 1, 1879. Marx’s excerpts from thisbook, IISG B 140, pp. 19-40, 59-83, are dated Sept. 1879 (Chronik,op. cit., p. 374). An accurate translation of the Marx ms. pp. 28-40and 59-83 was published in Sovetskoe Vostokovedenie, 1958, no. 3, pp.[3]_13 >no. 4, pp. [3]-22, no. 5, pp. [3]-28, and Problemy Vostokovedeniia,1959, no. 1, pp. [3]-17. Cf. L. S. Gamayunov, and R. A. Ulyanovsky,Trud russkogo sotsiologa M. M. Kovalevskogo “ ObshchinnoeZemlevladenie...” i kritika ego K. Marksom. (The work of theRussian sociologist M. M. Kovalevsky, “ Communal landownership...”and its critique by K. Marx.) Trudy X X V Me%hdunarodnogoKongressa Vostokovedov (i960) 1963, v. 4, pp. 38-44.Marx considered that Kovalevsky, like Hegel, turned the worldupside down, asking, why does the consciousness play the role ofcausa efficiens in Kovalevsky? The latter was an adherent of thecollectivist doctrine, the opponent of the primacy of the individual inthe formation of man and society. At the same time Kovalevsky wasan advocate of the theory of conquest in expansion and formation ofcomplex societies. Cf. Marx, Kovalevsky ms. p. 29, and SovetskoeVostokovedenie, 1958, no. 3, p. 5:Im Mass d[er] Entfernung von d[er] Zeit d[er] ursprünglichenAnsiedlung d[e]r Geschlechter innerhalb d[er] Grenzen d[es]von ihnen eroberten Territoriums (dass Geschlechtsgemeindenothw[en]dig auf fremdem, erobertem Territorium sitzt, ist eine360
Notes to Introduction, p. 7.willkührliche Annahme Kowalewski’s) schwächt sich nothwendigab d[as] Bewusstsein der Blutsverwandtsc[ha]ft unter d[eri\ besondernZweigen d[es\ Geschlechts. Mit dem allmähligen Verfall diesesBewusstseins (warum spielt d[as] Bewusstsein hier d[ie] Rolle d[er]causa efficiens u[nd] nicht d[ie] faktische Raumtrennung, der mitd[er] Spaltu[n]g d[es] Geschlechts in “ Zweige” schon vorausgesetztist?) offenbart sich in jeder d[er\ geschlechtlichen Unterabtheilungend[er] Wunsch ihre Vermögensverhältnisse t(u regeln unabhängigvon d[er] Sphäre d[er] Theilnahme u[nd] Einmischungder mehr od[er] minder ihr fremden übrigen Unterabtheilungend[es] Geschlechts (es tritt vielmehr faktische Notwendigkeit d[es\Aufbruchs d[er] Gemeinwirtsc\ha\ft in einzelnere Kreise einu[nd] zugleich (?) verstärkt sich nothwendig die Tendenz ZurIndividualisation d\er\ Vermögensverhältnisse innerhalb der Grenzendes Dorfes (poselko).)(Round brackets Marx, square brackets ed.)Marx’s position in regard to Hegel’s inversion of the world, wellknown from the preface to the second edition of Capital, v. 1, 1873,has its complement in the criticism of Kovalevsky. The position ofMarx in regard to Morgan is contrasted with these. Marx, Morganexcerpts, p. 14: “The propensity to pair, now so powerful in thecivilized races, also nicht normal to mankind, but a growth throughexperience, like all the great passions u[nd] powers of the mind.”The mind is here treated in an empirical way, subject to developmentin experience. Morgan related the physical and mental growth of manto each other and to the practice of gens exogamy, wherein ‘marriageof unrelated persons created a more vigorous stock’. This is a simplification,because the persons married could not have been unrelated;out-marriage here means only that they were not closely related. Aboveall, however, Morgan’s criteria of physical and mental growth are inthis instance hereditary in the biological sense; nothing of the humansocial and cultural heritage has been introduced into the processes ofgrowth in this connection, which contradicts Marx’s positions inempirical and in philosophical anthropology both in general and inparticular. Morgan posited likewise a normalcy of biological historywhich is opposed by the normalcy of man’s mental experience,characterized in the civilized condition. Morgan’s biologism remainsto be examined; the mental growth was related by him to empiricalexperience, but not to relations in society. Morgan’s reference to‘two advancing tribes blending’ and thereby widening and lengtheningthe skull and brain is the expression of his biologism (Marx,I.e.; Morgan, op. cit., p. 468). Since the day of Morgan, anthropologyhas interwoven the biological and the social factors in humandevelopment, rather than separated them. Kovalevsky’s position inregard to the mind was uncritical; Morgan’s is transitional, makingpossible subsequent critique.361
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Among the most important of the mat
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Q U ELLEN UND UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR GE
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Printed in the Netherlands by Van G
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CONTENTSForeword.IXIntroductionSect
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ForewordThe conception of this book
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INTRODUCTIONThe ethnological writin
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the other, were deficient in critic
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undertook the wholly empirical stud
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later, of Lubbock.15 The sets of ex
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still, after the institution of gen
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ship; Marx attributed the developme
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-j6 Böckh on population of Attica;
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with the question of caste was rais
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these two opposing sides together,
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without comment (excerpts, p. 8). T
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Grundrisse and in C apital.47 The r
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occasion for a performance of virtu
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signalized by means of the marginal
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Excerpts p. Morgan excerptsMarx’s
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within the contexts of Phear and Ma
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not only accepted this, but rendere
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community by cultural and social hi
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e interpreted ex silentio, by his c
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excerpts, p. 170), who cited as an
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ut against Maine’s extravagance (
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tween the social collectivities are
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conception of science as classifica
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approaches the modern ethnography b
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Man in the civilized condition is f
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The latter98 had inferred that the
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The idea of R. M. Maclver and R. H.
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ethnological thought. It is an anac
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an internally antagonistic creature
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actuality of the relations of the s
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introduction, and that the transiti
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song styles of the Iroquois, Indian
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nature by Marx, in contrast to Hege
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formed as the same, this is a subje
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communal institutions, in the proce
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public, the subjective has not inte
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anarchic individualism and the left
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has virtually disappeared from most
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into commodities arises out of exch
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wüchsige Theilung der Arbeit aus d
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T A B LE VII. The Utilisation by En
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Engels, in his 1888 edition of the
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conceived the process as changing o
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Anti-teleology in nature is interre
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March 8, 1881.161 In a draft which
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that the parts of the notebook B 14
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TECHNICAL APPARATUS AND FORMATThe p
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practice; occasionally, it is diffi
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i Lewis H . Morganr1 “ Ancient So
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dar. When discovered, stellten sie
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Diese Differenz u. d. specific diff
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sich vor 50 Jahren dort etablirten.
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Im descriptiven System dagegen d. c
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and fem ale cousins, are all withou
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w ithin the present century; w idel
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iodone on any part. There was no su
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grandm other (O c’-sote), grandso
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M y grandfather's father's brother
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14 “ D a s M utterrecht” , w o
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lived in polygamy; dies nicht the m
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in the household; dies gave full fo
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described by means o f the primary
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II) Intermarriage o f Brothers and
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tools passed through form s o fflin
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T h e characters on the Copan monum
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It was exhibited b y the Village In
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manufacture earthen vessels o f man
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eigenthum). Breeds o f horses alrea
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the L ord doth com mand concerning
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originally hereditary in the gens a
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u. not can intermarry with each oth
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j) Ippai marries his cousin Kapota
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tobacco in garden beds, made unleav
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praktisch the effects einer decease
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Captives w hen adopted w ere often
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u. L atin tribes in der relativ sp
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u. Beaver gentes also have exchange
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opposition vo n Seiten der opposite
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interests, strangers in feeling, sc
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com m on area. D ies gilt, in the m
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control the increasing numbers des
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Iroquois, the m ost destructive w o
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stockades, lebten von fish u. game,
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Mohawk Sachems u. to leave their na
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| A m appointed day the Sachems of
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was made. The / persons appointed t
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several tribes in their confederate
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estowed for merit, haben 7 sachems
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placed in there from number of word
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Gentes: i) Wolf 2) Red Paint 3) Lon
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female deity - Go-gome-tha-mä’ (
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I ll ) Turkey „ „ i) Turkey 2)
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sie rückverwandelt wden in bears,
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deren Waffen, implements u. ustensi
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der Bund der Iroquois. Jeder tribe
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writers, bei ändern gens) D . pueb
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Brasseur de Bourbourg sagt “ near
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died, all the senators called Tecut
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transformed into civis. The re’dt
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sagt: “ Jedes Kind wurde einregis
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of the same deme, did not possess t
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schon Dikaearchus rationalistisch s
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tigkeit des office of βασιλε
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So erstens t(u bemerken: Agamemnon
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military levies which would require
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lieb so bis Ende der athen. Demokra
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into a tribe, was wahrscheinlich h
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Jede Phyle od. District nach an Att
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verarmt, unfähig ihre niedergeb ra
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D ch andre Quellen constatirt dass
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leges connected with them, when he
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dieser change of name would not dis
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Iu. customs, u. preserved in invent
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tudinem roboris f u it ( L iv . /,
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the ultimate decision in criminal c
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Ifreien Römer in 2 Klassen: Aristo
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5 classes, mit some modification of
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Kinder aliens; aber wenn ein(e> Sen
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legend applies gentile usages corre
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guerriers) vocati sint; ita “nati
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Tacit. Germ. VII, wo er von Armeefo
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128 Sir. J . Phear: “ The Aryan V
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weed; hier the people bathe, cleans
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is no share coulter or breast; the
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Krishna (incarnation of Vishnu) wo
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The mass of the ryots who form the
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them being the khatiyan (an account
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xx) character of an agricultural vi
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Puja dalan: die verandah, deren chi
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vestry room) occur; manchmal ist’
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zemindari amla and the headmen of t
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(if he has it not otherwise, by cus
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Talüq = a dependency; Tehsildar or
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asins and i or 2 china plates in th
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146 A 1st class family hat generall
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forest, perhaps never kept by the K
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Obgleich jeder shareholder in the v
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land in ande (ande in terms of rece
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elation “with their (!) lord” ;
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the Malagava, Kandy, dem “learned
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ment; dies was a mere transfer of a
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PART mMARX’S EXCERPTS FROM HENRY
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(“ W ill” ) ; ebenso conception
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only connected with their new tribe
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contains folio 5A : “ Numerous we
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in occidental Europe mehr existirt
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wenn nicht marking an office origin
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lawyers at a later period called th
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oder kaum zu ändern ist von status
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lands. Diese Fuidhirs u. ausserdem
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J74father or kenfine - [Dies W ort
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“plantation of Ulster” the lots
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Page 333 and 334: D . Gunst der indischen Gesetzgebun
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Page 341 and 342: Der comfortable Maine glaubt: “ T
Page 343 and 344: villages which recalcitrated at his
Page 345 and 346: in many communities, this force has
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Page 350 and 351: sisters; for the king’s sons neve
Page 352 and 353: Glauben an d. Reality d. fathers or
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Page 358 and 359: mon people as mortal; as to the int
Page 360 and 361: Among the North American Indians, i
Page 362 and 363: Notes to Introduction, p. 2.N O T E
Page 364 and 365: Notes to Introduction, p. 5et al, L
Page 366 and 367: Notes to Introduction, p. 6.edition
Page 370 and 371: Notes to Introduction, p. 7.362In f
Page 372 and 373: Notes to Introduction, pp. 7-8.cent
Page 374 and 375: Notes to Introduction, p. ιι.Part
Page 376 and 377: Notes to Introduction, pp. 12-17.ha
Page 378 and 379: Notes to Introduction, pp. 30-34.va
Page 380 and 381: Notes to Introduction, pp. 38-43.of
Page 382 and 383: Notes to Introduction, p. 43.langua
Page 384 and 385: Notes to Introduction, pp. 48-51.90
Page 386 and 387: Notes to Introduction, pp. 59-62.ex
Page 388 and 389: Notes to Introduction, p. 71.des, 1
Page 390 and 391: Notes to Introduction, p. 72.family
Page 392 and 393: Notes to Introduction, p. 72.v. 51,
Page 394 and 395: Notes to Introduction, pp. 74-77.ec
Page 396 and 397: Notes to Introduction, p. 77.Karl K
Page 398 and 399: Notes to Introduction, p. 77.coming
Page 400 and 401: Notes to Introduction, pp. 80-84.en
Page 402 and 403: Notes to Introduction, pp. 86-88.an
Page 404 and 405: Notes to Introduction, pp. 88-89.Th
Page 406 and 407: Notes to Morgan, pp. 97-113.2 Table
Page 408 and 409: Notes to Morgan, pp. 120-135.53 Ms.
Page 410 and 411: Notes to Morgan, pp. 154-174.Morgan
Page 412 and 413: Notes to Morgan, pp. 183-198.here t
Page 414 and 415: Notes to Morgan, pp. 210-215.199 bi
Page 416 and 417: Notes to Morgan, pp. 221-222.227
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 227-232.244
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 239-240.271
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Notes to Morgan, p. 241. Notes to P
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Notes to Maine, pp. 288-299.Caesar
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Notes to Maine, pp. 302-312.seiner
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Notes to Maine, pp. 329-335. Notes
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BIBLIOGRAPHYI. M ARX’S BIBLIOGRAP
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American Board in the Sandwich Isla
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Post : “ Anfänge des Staats- u.
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N O T E S T O B IB L IO G R A P H Y
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B l a c k s t o n e , S i r W illia
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F e n t o n , W. N. Seneca Indians
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K a l o e v , B. A . M. M. Kovalevs
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M a r x, K a r l. Das Kapital, v. i
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P u m p h re y, R. J. The Forgotten
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V i o l l e t , P a u l. Le caract
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Acosta, Joseph de (ca. 1539-1600).
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299. 3°2> 3° 4» 3° 5» 3°6, 30
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Jaeger, Werner. (1888-1961). 375.Ob
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Das Kapital (Capital). 5, 6, 16, 19
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Sanchuniathon. 235. Stanihurst, Ric
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Q U E L L E N U N D U N T E R S U C
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