the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

forest, perhaps never kept by the Kandyans, sondern nur durch low countrySinghalese, Moormen, or Tamils. (I.e.)Controlling element d. village - the paddy tract or paddy field which is itself“a function of the supply of water.” (179, 180) Meist d. field attached, orappended to, a tank u. ist oft strikingly tiny im Verhältnis zum si\e desentire tank; es wird irrigirt by the flow of water passing out from the tankthrough a masonry culvert (Abzugskanal) piercing the lowest part of theretaining bund u. öfter noch through a breach or cutting made in the bunditself, u. d. Lage (the lie) d. Feldes so, dass the outflow of water can bemade to flood the whole of it in a succession of flats, to the lowest and mostremote from it; the line of soil surface from side to side being almostalways horizontal throughout. Je nach dem local Character des groundhat d. field more or less irregular shape, with its longer extension stretchingaway from the tank bund. Sonst ist es a single clearing in that universal jungleprevailing on all sides, selbst bedeckend the actual bund of the tank, andvery much of the tank bottom itself. (180)Jedem Feld entspricht a gama or village, i.e. group of homesteads wo d.cultivators live; selten hat a village mehr als ein field; d. Gruppe steht imJungle neben d. field, obscured by trees, and next the bund; exhibitsgewöhnlich no order of arrangement. Die einzelne homestead, wenn ihrowner well to do, a low, thatched, mud-wattled hut, of perhaps 2 unlightedrooms opening upon the diminutive veranda, deren floor die earth platformder hut, u. deren roof its projecting eaves; in front dieser hut small,mud-plastered attawas, or roofed cylinders of wicker-work, raised upon supportsfor storage of grain (ist equivalent der go las of Bengal). Auf einer Seitesteht ausserdem a large open shed, with its little loft for cattle (if the cottierhas any), implements, curry grinder, rice pounder (the dhenki of Bengal), etc.Under the back eaves of hut auch a place for ploughs, the surface-smoother,harrows, etc. Abutting upon the litde homestead’s curtillage, or partiallyenclosing it, - a garden or loosely cultivated plot for fruit trees, condiments,curry vegetables (säg of Bengal) etc; the whole meist ill-kept and neglected;d. different homesteads der village group von einander getrenntdurch irregular, ill-defined, muddy tracks. (181, 182)An Spitze a territorial head, und in diesen modem days (fälschlich!) “proprietordes village” genannt; er Nachfolger des primitive chieftain; er magjetzt d. Krone (engl.) sein, or a religious foundation, or a private Singhalese—gentleman. (182) D. village field, or paddy tract, divided into portions byparallel balks drawn across it from side to side at right angles to the line of waterfiow;each such portion hereditary share of some one person or familyresident in or belonging to the village. The principal portion or share -genannt Mottettuwa (Ziraat in Bengal) gehört dem head des village; alleändern share holders hat dem Burschen to make some contribution of producein kind, or to render him some defined and specific service, domestic or agricultural.Dies distinction of tenure23 - produce in kind oder aber service - ent-273