the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

lawyers at a later period called the Capita Cognationum, - is not owner ofthe tribal lands. His own land he may have, consisting of private estate orof official domain, or of both, and over the general tribal land he has ageneral administrative authority, ever growing greater over that portion o f itwhich is unappropriated waste. He is meanwhile the military (leader) of histribesmen, and probably in that capacity has acquired great wealth incattle. It has somehow become of great importance to him to place outportions o f his herds among the tribesmen, and they on their partoccasionally find themselves through stress of circumstance in pressing169 need o f cattle for employment in tillage. Thus the Chiefs appear | in theBrehon law as perpetually giving stock' and the tribesmen as receiving it.(T57)B y taking stock the free Irish tribesman becomes the Ceile or Kyle, thevassal or man of his Chief owing him not only rent but service and homage.The exact effects of “ commendation” are thus produced. (15 8) Je mehrstock der tribesman accepts from his Chief, desto tiefer der status zu demer herabsinkt. Hence die 2 classes of Saer und Daer tenants (entspreche (n)ddem status der free und higher base tenants of an English manor).D . Saer Stock tenant erhält nur limited amount of stock from the Chief,bleibt freeman, retains his tribal rights in their integrity; the normal periodof his tenancy was j years, and at the end of it he became entitled to the cattlewhich had been in his possession. In d. Zwischenzeit hatte er the advantage ofemploying them in tillage, and the Chief erhielt the growth and increase [i.e.the young and the manure\ and milk. Zugleich it is expressly laid down dassd. Chief überdem entitled to receive homage and manual labour; manual labouris explained to mean the service of the vassal in reaping the Chief's harvest andin assisting to build his castle or fo rt; u. it is stated that, in lieu of manuallabour, the vassal might be required to follow his Chief to the wars. (158,! 59)Daer-stock tenancy gebildet, wenn entweder any large addition to the stockdeposited with the Saer-Stock tenant, od. an unusual quantity accepted inthe first instance by the tribesman. D . Daer Stock tenant had parted with someportion of his freedom u. his duties invariably referred to as very onerous. D.Stock, den er vom Chief erhielt, bestand aus 2 portions, wovon die eineentsprechend dem Rang des Empfängers, d. andre der rent in kind to whicht(h)e tenant became liable. D. technical standard seines Rangs, war destenant “ honor-price", d.h. the fine or damage payable for injuring him, variableT ”mit the dignity o f the person injured. M it Be^ug auf die rent heisst’s imBrehon Law : “ The proportionate stock of a calf of the value of a sackwith its accompaniments, and refections for three persons in the summer,and work for three days, is three “ sam-haisc"^ heifers or their value”(Cain-Aigillne, p. 25), in ändern Worten: Deponirt der Chief beim tenant3 heifers28 so wird er entitled to the calf, the refections, and the labour.”Ferner: “ The proportionate stock of a “ dartadh" heifer with its accompaniment,298