the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

is no share coulter or breast; the pointed end only stirs the earth, does notturn it. The whole so light that a man easily carries it over his shoulder.]An average pair of bullocks obtainable for Rs 20, u. the price der fewearthen pots and pans of various sorts - constituting the necessary ustensils__for household purposes - may be reckoned in pice. (23, 24) So klein d.I accumulated capital d. villagers u. selbst]dies oft due to the mahäjan. [.Mahäjan= merchant, money dealer - one who makes it his business in the villages to131 advance money and grain to the Ryot on the pledge of crop. (24) Extreme |povertyof by far the largest portion, i.e. the bulk of the population in Bengal (the richestpart of India!) seldom rightly apprehended by the English people. Thetropical climate u. the tropical facility of producing rice admit of life and acertain low type of health being maintained on a minimum of means. 7 rupees amonth a sufficient income for support of a whole family; food the principalitem of expense, u. probably one rupee 8 annas a month in most parts of Bengalsufficient to feed an adult man u. 12 annas a woman even in a well to doestablishment. D. villagers, die cultivators, have mostly sufficient rice of theirown growth for their home consumption; the little cash they require is theproduce of the sale of the rabi (cold weather crops). Die andren villagers buy theirrice unhusked (paddy) from time to time in small quantities, u. alle so ihrSalary Taback (wenn sie ihn nicht selbst bauen), gurh (coarse sugar of datetree, etc., hardened into a cake - molasses), oil, masala (spice, seasoning),fst täglich at the general dealer’s {modi) shop. (25) Für kaufen, wie ofcurry spices the pice or */4 anna (1 anna = 1/16 silver rupee), the lowestpiece struck by the Mint, nicht sufficiently small u. cowries (Kauri a smallshell, Cypraea, used as money) at the rate of about /,720 to the rupee_universally employed to supplement the currency. (26)In a large village 3 or 4 modis’ shops. (Sells auch liquid articles.) Beschreibungsolchen shops. (25-28)Hat or market held in most villages twice a week; meist a tolerably openpart of the village site; meist keine stalls for the protection of the sellers ortheir goods; when so simply long narrow lines of low shed roofs covering araised floor, supported on bamboo posts, without any side walls. (28, 29)Zum hat bringt der producer his spare paddy, mustard1-seed, betel-nuts,sugar-cane, gurh-treacle, his chillies, gourds, yams; the fisherman his fish, theseedcrusher his oils, the old widow her mats and other handy work, thepotter his gharas ( = a necked, narrow mouthed, earthen vessel) u. gamlas{gamla = open earthen vessel), the hawker his piece goods, bangles, etc;the town traders' agents u. the local modis come to increase their stocks, therural folks to supply their petty wants, all gossip, not a few stay to drink(not rare this accomplishment in India). Each vendor sits crosslegged on theground with his wares set out around him, u. for the privilege of this primitivestall he pays a certain small sum or contribution in kind to the owner ofthe hat, meist der Zamindär (proprietor of the rest of the village land).I D. profits derived from a popular hat sufficiently considerable (relative)249