the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

148 spricht genau dem raiotti (Ryott) u. lakhiraj conditions | of holding inBengal. Nur d. Unterschied: in Bengal d. raiotti holding (holding bycontributing of share of product) is the prevalent form u. lakhiraj holdingd. exception; in Ceylon the holding by rendering of service - nilakariya -is (or rather was) all but universal, and the other the exception. [Diesbeweist, dass Ceylon form d. primitivere; denn d. Dorfälteste or villagechief war kein landlord, hatte keine “ rent” zu beziehen, wde abgefundendurch “ services” .] In Bengal the service or the lakhiraj holding stets free u.honourable, such as that of the priest, doctor, watchman, etc; in Ceylon thatof the nilakariya is usually menial. (183, 84)Meist a plurality of villages have a common head, u. früher the householdestablishment of a wealthy native chieftain kept up by turns of menialservice discharged by villagers, drafted from, the many villages in dueorder upon the footing of their land tenure obligation. Jezt the servicetenure has so to say become freehold (?) Wo a Buddhist Vihara, or temple,was oft in d. North Central Province, d. personal service der hier specialforms bekleidet, as: maintaining illuminations, thatching or doing other repairsto thepansala (the Buddhist priest’s residence) etc., noch in vollem Gang.(184, 85)D. administrative organisation, zur Perception d. services for d. head of thevillage, bestand aus i or 2 officials, the Gamerale (the village man), theLekham (writer or accountant) etc. Some of the more wealthy of the shareF holders in the village field, probably by reason of being by family origin of the sameblood with the chieftain, held their share by the service of filling hereditarily oneof these offices, or of yielding hospitality to the head of the village, when hecomes, or to any other visitors whom the village receives. (185-86) Einigedieser services bestehn in doing smith's, carpenter's, dhobi's work, or eventhat of the doctor (Vederale). Im village selbst diese persons paid in theirturn by their fellow villagers for their professional or artisan's functions,either by labour done for them in the tilling of their shares of the village fie ldor bya quota of the paddy on the payer's threshing floor, measured out and deliveredwhen the harvest completed. Other service consists in supplying the villagehead mit oil, betel-nuts, honey from the jungle, game, etc. (186)“ ‘ Viel wichtiger the combined action on the part of the villagers for their jointbenefit, necessitated by the exigencies of cultivation under the primitive conditionsobtaining in the North Central Province, and indeed allgemein in Ceylon,2.3. fencing the village field every season against the wild animals of thejungle whichsurrounds it; kein einzelner shareholder könnte unaided execute the whole work;u. wenn ein Riss (Mangel, flaw) in it irgendwo so ist every shareholder's plotopen to invasion; jeder shareholder so direct interessirt in this work, has“~p to bear his portion of it in proportion to his share in the field. Ebenso wenna breach im bund (Damm) to be filled up, or some repair to be done to it, diesdone by all the shareholders jointly furnishing out of their families or dependents,each in due proportion, a continual supply of labour in successive relaysuntil the work is done. (187)*74