the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

Iroquois, the m ost destructive w o rk perform ed b y inconsiderable war-parties,beständig form ing and m aking expeditions into distant regions. Sanctiono f the Council for diese expeditions w eder sought, nor necessary.Council o f the tribe had pow er to declare war u. make peace, send and receiveembassies, make alliances; intercourse between independent tribes conducted bywise men and chiefs, delegated dazu. W hen a tribe expected such a delegation,a council was convened fo r its reception and for the transaction o f itsbusiness.7) A . head chief o f the tribe in some instances.N äm lich a Sachem, superior in rank to his associates. D er Council nurselten in session u. urgencies m ight arise demanding the provisional actiono f someone authorized to represent the tribe, subject to the ratification o fhis acts b y the council. This only basis fo r the office o f head chief. Iroquoishad none u. their confederacy had no executive officer. W o d. head chief inIndian tribes existed there, in a form too feeble to correspond to the conceptiono f an executive magistrate. T h e elective tenure o f the office o f ch ief andthe liability o f the person to deposition, settle the character o f the office.D . Council o f Indian C h ief(s) was a governm ent o f one power, prevailinggenerally am ong the tribes in Lower Status o f Barbarism. D ies erstes Stadium.Zweites Stadium: a governm ent coordinated betw een a council o f chiefs anda general military commander, one representing the civil, the other the militaryfunctions. D ies form began to manifest itself in the L ow er Status o f Barbarismafter formation of Confederacies, became definite in M iddle Status. D .office o f general - chief m ilitary com mander - was the germ o f that o f a chiefexecutive magistrate, king, em peror, president; a government o f 2 powers.D rittes Stadium: governm ent o f a people or nation by a council o f chiefs,an assembly o f the people, and a general military commander. Appears undertribes w ho had attained to the Upper Status o f Barbarism, Homeric Greeksor Italian tribes o f the period o f Romulus. Large increase o f people united ina nation, their establishment in walled cities, creation o f wealth in flocks, herds,lands, brought in the assembly o f the people as an instrument o f governm ent.Councils o f chiefs became a preconsidering council; popular assembly adopted orrejected public measures, its action final; lasdy a general. D ies blieb bisEintritt v. politica l society, w enn unter Athenians z.B ., council o f chiefsbecame Senate, the assembly o f the people the ecclesia or popular assembly.In M iddle Status o f Barbarism the gentes organised into tribes remained asbefore, aber confederacies more frequent. In some areas, as in the Valley o fM exico, keineswegs - no evidence dafür - dass politica l society established.It is impossible to fo(u)n d a politica l society or a state upon gentes.P t. I I . C h. V . The Iroquois Confederacy.Verbindung fo r mutual protection erst122 - einfach fact, hervorgerufen dchnecessities (wie attack vo n aussen), dann League, dann systematic confederacy.Bei E n tdeckung v. Am erica existirten confederacies in verschiednenparts, u. a. namtlich: Iroquois confederacy o f / independent tribes, Creek163