the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

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-j6 Böckh on population of Attica; Schoemann on principalities; Theseus a realperson; Phantasie des Plutarch.76-7 Interessenconflict77 Germ of county?78 Bekamen entscheidende Macht; Plutarch falsch; Settlers Griechen79 Eigenthumsdifferenz; Schoemann contra Morgan regarding topic phyles80 Attic tribes81 Schoemann reference84 Clan-Geschlechter in Mommsen. Analogy I87 Tribun = tribal chief. Conjectur89 Contra Livy (Kerl vergisst...); Superlativ dies.90 Clients as plebs: Niebuhr right as against Morgan91 Bürger des Romulus (Plutarch on Numa)94 Mutterzunge - Fatherland. Reference to Curtius, quoted in Morgan95 Bachofen: spurious (I) children; lawless (!) union; unilateres in male line(cf. Morgan, p. 360).great family = Geschlechtsfamilie = gens.96 Bachofen on lawlessness0 Perhaps: Achille Loria, La rendita fondiaria e la sua elisone naturale. Milano, 1880.6 See below, Morgan excerpts, note 160.c Reference to George Grote. On Grote’s relations to Bentham, J. S. Mill and the utilitarians,cf. Elie Halevy, The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism (1928) 1955.d See below, Section 7, Relation of Engels to Marx and Morgan.Marx differed from Morgan chiefly over details (excerpts, pp. 1, 2, 20,21, 24, 26, 77, 84, 90); basic matters (excerpts, pp. 26, 38, 48, 76-79) asprivate ownership in Homer, hereditary transmission of chieftainships,the questions of conflict of interests in the dissolution of the gens, andproperty differences in the same condition, on the other hand, weredeveloped rather as Marx’s own expressions.Marx completed the excerpts and notetaking at Pt. II, ch. X V ofMorgan. After covering the beginning of that chapter, he copied outpassages from Tacitus, Germania and Caesar, Gallic War, there given,added the further passages from classical authors, including the referencesfrom the Lipsius ed. of Tacitus (excerpts, pp. 96-98), and brought theMorgan notes to an end.Marx called into question Morgan’s statement, “Mankind are the onlybeings who may be said to have gained an absolute (?!) control over theproduction of food__ ” (Marx’s interpolation, excerpts, p. 2).29 Accordingto Morgan, cultivation of cereals preceded the migration of theAryan peoples from the grass plains of high Asia to the forest of WestAsia and Europe, and this culture was forced upon them by the necessitiesof the domesticated animals now incorporated into their plan of life.Marx (excerpts, p. 24) suggested that this was not the case among theCelts.27 Morgan, on the authority of the Iliad, noted there the referenceto fences, and on this evidence attributed private land ownership to13
Homeric Greece, an interpretation which Marx did not accept (Marxexcerpts, p. 26): “Morgan irrt sich wenn er glaubt, das blosse fencingbeweise Privatgrundeigenthum” .28Marx sought the origin of civilized society and the State in the dissolutionof the primitive group. The form of this group was identified asthe gens of Morgan’s description, as opposed to the joint family ofMaine’s. Moreover, Marx applied Morgan’s view that in the ancientcollectivities there existed the characteristics of society which man mustreconstitute if he is to overcome the distortions of his character in thecivilized condition. Marx made it clear, as Morgan did not, that thisprocess of reconstitution will take place on another level than the old,that it is a human effort, of man for and by himself, that the antagonismsof civilization are not static or passive, but are comprised of social interestswhich are ranged for and against the outcome of the reconstitution, andthis will be determined in an active and dynamic way.Further in reference to the relation of the institutions of ancientsociety to those of the era of civilization Marx noted that the Tribune ofthe Roman people who in the historic period defended the plebeiansagainst the patricians was originally the leader of the tribe (Morganexcerpts, p. 87). The fraternity of the ancient gentes has been changed inits terms of reference and in its meaning, after the establishment of thesocial relations of civilization; it can neither be reconstituted nor reconceivedin its ancient form. The outlines of the liberty and equalityof ancient society were discussed by Marx passim:1. Morgan considered that the increasing freedom and higher socialposition of women are a measure of the progress of the family: Just asthe future of mankind, once it has overcome the distortion of the careerof property, will restore the liberty and equality of the ancient gentes, sothe position of women will be restored to its earlier, higher place. Marxwrote in this regard (excerpts, p. 16), “ Aber das Verhältnis der Göttinnenim Olymp zeigt Rückerinnerung an frühere freiere und einflussreicherePosition der Weiber.” The recollection of a prior state of greater freedomand influence in the position of women accounts for half of the mythologyof Juno and Minerva. The other half of the account is that the projectioninto heaven of the ancient freedom and equality of the women is theinversion of their actual position in Greek society; it is also the justificationin the mythology of their constraint in that low position, and theexpression of the hopeful fantasy of its betterment in another world.2. The question of the gens in relation to the destruction of equality,the formation of social ranks, further, of castes, social stratification, andcomplex, oppositive society was raised by Marx in connection with theKutchins, an Athapaskan people of northwestern Canada (Morganexcerpts, p. 5 8). According to G. Gibbs, a correspondent of Morgan,the Kutchins had three exogamic groups of common descent, and there14
Page 2 and 3: Among the most important of the mat
Page 4 and 5: Q U ELLEN UND UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR GE
Page 6 and 7: Printed in the Netherlands by Van G
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTSForeword.IXIntroductionSect
Page 10 and 11: ForewordThe conception of this book
Page 12 and 13: INTRODUCTIONThe ethnological writin
Page 14 and 15: the other, were deficient in critic
Page 16 and 17: undertook the wholly empirical stud
Page 18 and 19: later, of Lubbock.15 The sets of ex
Page 20 and 21: still, after the institution of gen
Page 22 and 23: ship; Marx attributed the developme
Page 26 and 27: with the question of caste was rais
Page 28 and 29: these two opposing sides together,
Page 30 and 31: without comment (excerpts, p. 8). T
Page 32 and 33: Grundrisse and in C apital.47 The r
Page 34 and 35: occasion for a performance of virtu
Page 36 and 37: signalized by means of the marginal
Page 38 and 39: Excerpts p. Morgan excerptsMarx’s
Page 40 and 41: within the contexts of Phear and Ma
Page 42 and 43: not only accepted this, but rendere
Page 44 and 45: community by cultural and social hi
Page 46 and 47: e interpreted ex silentio, by his c
Page 48 and 49: excerpts, p. 170), who cited as an
Page 50 and 51: ut against Maine’s extravagance (
Page 52 and 53: tween the social collectivities are
Page 54 and 55: conception of science as classifica
Page 56 and 57: approaches the modern ethnography b
Page 58 and 59: Man in the civilized condition is f
Page 60 and 61: The latter98 had inferred that the
Page 62 and 63: The idea of R. M. Maclver and R. H.
Page 64 and 65: ethnological thought. It is an anac
Page 66 and 67: an internally antagonistic creature
Page 68 and 69: actuality of the relations of the s
Page 70 and 71: introduction, and that the transiti
Page 72 and 73: song styles of the Iroquois, Indian
Page 74 and 75:
nature by Marx, in contrast to Hege
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formed as the same, this is a subje
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communal institutions, in the proce
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public, the subjective has not inte
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anarchic individualism and the left
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has virtually disappeared from most
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into commodities arises out of exch
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wüchsige Theilung der Arbeit aus d
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T A B LE VII. The Utilisation by En
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Engels, in his 1888 edition of the
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conceived the process as changing o
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Anti-teleology in nature is interre
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March 8, 1881.161 In a draft which
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that the parts of the notebook B 14
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TECHNICAL APPARATUS AND FORMATThe p
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practice; occasionally, it is diffi
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i Lewis H . Morganr1 “ Ancient So
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dar. When discovered, stellten sie
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Diese Differenz u. d. specific diff
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sich vor 50 Jahren dort etablirten.
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Im descriptiven System dagegen d. c
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and fem ale cousins, are all withou
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w ithin the present century; w idel
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iodone on any part. There was no su
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grandm other (O c’-sote), grandso
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M y grandfather's father's brother
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14 “ D a s M utterrecht” , w o
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lived in polygamy; dies nicht the m
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in the household; dies gave full fo
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described by means o f the primary
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II) Intermarriage o f Brothers and
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tools passed through form s o fflin
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T h e characters on the Copan monum
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It was exhibited b y the Village In
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manufacture earthen vessels o f man
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eigenthum). Breeds o f horses alrea
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the L ord doth com mand concerning
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originally hereditary in the gens a
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u. not can intermarry with each oth
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j) Ippai marries his cousin Kapota
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tobacco in garden beds, made unleav
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praktisch the effects einer decease
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Captives w hen adopted w ere often
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u. L atin tribes in der relativ sp
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u. Beaver gentes also have exchange
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opposition vo n Seiten der opposite
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interests, strangers in feeling, sc
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com m on area. D ies gilt, in the m
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control the increasing numbers des
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Iroquois, the m ost destructive w o
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stockades, lebten von fish u. game,
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Mohawk Sachems u. to leave their na
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| A m appointed day the Sachems of
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was made. The / persons appointed t
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several tribes in their confederate
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estowed for merit, haben 7 sachems
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placed in there from number of word
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Gentes: i) Wolf 2) Red Paint 3) Lon
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female deity - Go-gome-tha-mä’ (
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I ll ) Turkey „ „ i) Turkey 2)
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sie rückverwandelt wden in bears,
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deren Waffen, implements u. ustensi
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der Bund der Iroquois. Jeder tribe
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writers, bei ändern gens) D . pueb
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Brasseur de Bourbourg sagt “ near
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died, all the senators called Tecut
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transformed into civis. The re’dt
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sagt: “ Jedes Kind wurde einregis
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of the same deme, did not possess t
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schon Dikaearchus rationalistisch s
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tigkeit des office of βασιλε
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So erstens t(u bemerken: Agamemnon
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military levies which would require
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lieb so bis Ende der athen. Demokra
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into a tribe, was wahrscheinlich h
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Jede Phyle od. District nach an Att
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verarmt, unfähig ihre niedergeb ra
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D ch andre Quellen constatirt dass
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leges connected with them, when he
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dieser change of name would not dis
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Iu. customs, u. preserved in invent
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tudinem roboris f u it ( L iv . /,
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the ultimate decision in criminal c
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Ifreien Römer in 2 Klassen: Aristo
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5 classes, mit some modification of
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Kinder aliens; aber wenn ein(e> Sen
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legend applies gentile usages corre
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guerriers) vocati sint; ita “nati
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Tacit. Germ. VII, wo er von Armeefo
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128 Sir. J . Phear: “ The Aryan V
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weed; hier the people bathe, cleans
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is no share coulter or breast; the
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Krishna (incarnation of Vishnu) wo
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The mass of the ryots who form the
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them being the khatiyan (an account
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xx) character of an agricultural vi
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Puja dalan: die verandah, deren chi
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vestry room) occur; manchmal ist’
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zemindari amla and the headmen of t
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(if he has it not otherwise, by cus
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Talüq = a dependency; Tehsildar or
Page 278 and 279:
asins and i or 2 china plates in th
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146 A 1st class family hat generall
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forest, perhaps never kept by the K
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Obgleich jeder shareholder in the v
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land in ande (ande in terms of rece
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elation “with their (!) lord” ;
Page 290 and 291:
the Malagava, Kandy, dem “learned
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ment; dies was a mere transfer of a
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PART mMARX’S EXCERPTS FROM HENRY
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(“ W ill” ) ; ebenso conception
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only connected with their new tribe
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contains folio 5A : “ Numerous we
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in occidental Europe mehr existirt
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wenn nicht marking an office origin
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lawyers at a later period called th
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oder kaum zu ändern ist von status
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lands. Diese Fuidhirs u. ausserdem
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J74father or kenfine - [Dies W ort
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“plantation of Ulster” the lots
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sehr biassed für descent of proper
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d. tribe etc. wenn getheilt, gleich
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interest in the family property, bu
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describe bodies of co-partners, for
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of Gewalt als origin of Roman u. ot
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the sky ... eine d. ältesten Insti
Page 329 and 330:
xthe right lang aufrecht erhalten i
Page 331 and 332:
literature (see Mr. Dasent) shows t
Page 333 and 334:
D . Gunst der indischen Gesetzgebun
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T^9Näm lich: “ the wife survivin
Page 337 and 338:
dent.” “ T o that superior the
Page 339 and 340:
except one, and by connectingallfor
Page 341 and 342:
Der comfortable Maine glaubt: “ T
Page 343 and 344:
villages which recalcitrated at his
Page 345 and 346:
in many communities, this force has
Page 348 and 349:
iSir John Lubbock: “ The Origin o
Page 350 and 351:
sisters; for the king’s sons neve
Page 352 and 353:
Glauben an d. Reality d. fathers or
Page 354 and 355:
quiera se usa,y por to do se entien
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off the shadows only, not caring fo
Page 358 and 359:
mon people as mortal; as to the int
Page 360 and 361:
Among the North American Indians, i
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Notes to Introduction, p. 2.N O T E
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Notes to Introduction, p. 5et al, L
Page 366 and 367:
Notes to Introduction, p. 6.edition
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Notes to Introduction, p. 7.Noteboo
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Notes to Introduction, p. 7.362In f
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 7-8.cent
Page 374 and 375:
Notes to Introduction, p. ιι.Part
Page 376 and 377:
Notes to Introduction, pp. 12-17.ha
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 30-34.va
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 38-43.of
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Notes to Introduction, p. 43.langua
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 48-51.90
Page 386 and 387:
Notes to Introduction, pp. 59-62.ex
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Notes to Introduction, p. 71.des, 1
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Notes to Introduction, p. 72.family
Page 392 and 393:
Notes to Introduction, p. 72.v. 51,
Page 394 and 395:
Notes to Introduction, pp. 74-77.ec
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Notes to Introduction, p. 77.Karl K
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Notes to Introduction, p. 77.coming
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 80-84.en
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 86-88.an
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Notes to Introduction, pp. 88-89.Th
Page 406 and 407:
Notes to Morgan, pp. 97-113.2 Table
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 120-135.53 Ms.
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 154-174.Morgan
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 183-198.here t
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 210-215.199 bi
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Notes to Morgan, pp. 221-222.227
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Page 420 and 421:
Page 422 and 423:
Notes to Morgan, p. 241. Notes to P
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Notes to Maine, pp. 288-299.Caesar
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Notes to Maine, pp. 302-312.seiner
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Notes to Maine, pp. 329-335. Notes
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BIBLIOGRAPHYI. M ARX’S BIBLIOGRAP
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American Board in the Sandwich Isla
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Post : “ Anfänge des Staats- u.
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N O T E S T O B IB L IO G R A P H Y
Page 438 and 439:
B l a c k s t o n e , S i r W illia
Page 440 and 441:
F e n t o n , W. N. Seneca Indians
Page 442 and 443:
K a l o e v , B. A . M. M. Kovalevs
Page 444 and 445:
M a r x, K a r l. Das Kapital, v. i
Page 446 and 447:
P u m p h re y, R. J. The Forgotten
Page 448 and 449:
V i o l l e t , P a u l. Le caract
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Acosta, Joseph de (ca. 1539-1600).
Page 452 and 453:
299. 3°2> 3° 4» 3° 5» 3°6, 30
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Jaeger, Werner. (1888-1961). 375.Ob
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Das Kapital (Capital). 5, 6, 16, 19
Page 458 and 459:
Sanchuniathon. 235. Stanihurst, Ric
Page 460:
Q U E L L E N U N D U N T E R S U C
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