the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

flesh forbidden; two of the chief “ Things which required a Mancipationat Rome” , oxen and landed property, had their counterpart in the sacredbull of Siwa and the sacred land o f India. (148) Horned cattle showed theirgreatest value when groups of men settled on spaces of land and betookthemselves to the cultivation of food-grain. (I.e.) Erst für ihr flesh u. milkvalued, schon in very early times a distinct special importance belonged tothem as instrument or medium of exchange; bei Homer sind sie a measure ofvalue; traditional story dass d. earliest coined money known at Rome stampedwith the figure o f an ox; “pecus” u. “pecunia” . (14 9 )26 In Brehon lawsfiguriren horned cattle als means of exchange; fines, dues, rents u. returns arecalculated in live-stock, not exclusively in kine, but nearly so. Beständigreferred to two standards of value, “ sed” u. “ cumhal” ; cumhal soil originaliterhave meant a female slave, aber “ sed” plainly used for an amount or quantityof live stock. Aber, später, cattle hauptsächlich valued for their use in tillage,their labour and their manure. Erst nach u. nach as beasts of plough ersetzt dchPferde in Western Europe (auch hier nicht überall); in still large portions ofthe world horse noch ausschliesslich employed, wie wohl ursprünglichüberall, for war, pleasure, or the chase. (150) Oxen waren so fst einzigerRepresentative of what now called Capital. (I.e.) The same causes whichaltered the position o f the ox and turned him into an animal partiallyadscriptus glebae, undoubtedly produced also a great extension of slaveryEnormous importation o f slaves into the central territories o f the RomanCommonwealth, and the wholesale degradation of the free cultivatingcommunities o f Western Europe into assemblages o f villeins. (150, 15 1)D . Schwierigkeit - in ancient Ireland - not to obtain land, but the means ofcultivating it. D . great owners of catde were the various Chiefs, whoseprimitive superiority to the other tribesmen in this respect was probablyowing to their natural functions as military leaders of the tribe. Andrerseitsscheint aus d. Brehon laws zu folgen that the Chiefs pressed by thedifficulty of finding sufficient pasture for their herds. Hatten ihrergrowing power over the waste land dr particular group worüber siepräsidirten, aber die most fruitful portions of the tribal territory whsclichthose which the free tribesmen occupied. Hence d. system of giving andreceiving stock, to which 2 sub-tracts des Senchus Mor are devoted, the Cain-Saerrath u. d. Cain-Aigillne, the Law of Saer-Stock tenure u. the Law ofDaer-Stock Tenure. (152)In Feudalgesellscft everybody has become the subordinate of somebody elsehigher than himself and yet exalted above him by no great distance. (153)Nach Stubbs (Constit. History. I, 252) Feudalism has “ grown up from 2great sources, the Benefice and the practice of Commendation. (154)Commendation, in particular, went on all over Western Europe. (155)D . Chief (Irish) - sei er einer d. many tribal rulers whom the Irish recordscall kings, or one of those heads of joint families whom the Anglo-Irish297