the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

The mass of the ryots who form the population of the village too poor tohave a family deity, müssen sich begnügen part der audience zu bilden beireligious festivals celebrated by their richer neighbours, u. den annualpujas performed at the village mandap (an open sided roofed structure or building)on behalf of the community. (46)Mandal - the village headman; the chaukidar - the village watchman, orconstable; the barber u. the washerman auch noch wichtige Personages,ebenso carpenter spotter, weaver, fisherman; jalhar-wala - one who has a right134 of fishing; pitch-worker, etc. |Zeminder and MahajanThe wooded dwelling area (des village) is skirted by waste or common landof very irregular breadth u. beyond this again comes the cultivated land ofthe open plain (math). Up to a certain line - of immemorial origin butordinarily well ascertained - all the land both waste u. cultivated, reckonedoutwards from the village, belongs to the village (als possession); on theother side of the line begins another community land. In Theilen von Bengalwo portions der country in a state of nature the limits des village territoryinclude jungle u. sonst unappropriated land. (48, 49)The village and its land als Ganzes heissen a mau^ah. (49) Dies land desmau%ah cultivated in small patches by the resident ryots on payments of dues,~ r according to the nature of the soil, and the purpose of the cultivation, to theI Zemindar; they are most commonly variable and capable of adjustmentfrom time to time zwischen Zemindar u. Ryot. (50) (they) are classifiedmit extreme minuteness according to characters attached to the land by custom,not all concrete. (51)So:Salt - land wholly submerged whd period of rains - of different grades; Sunaynot submerged, also of different grades;Nadki, land for which rent is paid in cash per bigah;Bhaoli, land for which rent paid in kindpart of the produce; - ebenso Bhaoli:land for which rent is paid in cash per crop per bigah.Bhiti - raised house-site9 land. (51)Khudkashty lands which the residents of the village are entitled to cultivate.Pahikasht - land which outsiders may cultivate. (52)Diese characters adhere almost permanently to the same land; for each village arecognised rate of rent (nirkh) properly payable according to them. Whenthe occupation, wie meist der Fall mit Sunaland, on an utbandi jama (rentaccording to the land actually tilled, when land tilled one year is allowed to liefallow t(he) next) u. d. cultivation is by alternation of cropping u. fallow,Zahlt d. Ryot nur so viel von jeder Sorte of lands as he actually tills. In mostvillages by far the larger portion of land is Khudkasht. (52)Also the open lands der village divided up among the resident ryots insmall allotments, oft consisting of several scattered pieces, generally com-253