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Notes to Introduction, pp. 59-62.excerpts, pp. 180-181). The social relations of the ancient Germans,whether for military, civil, economic, or other purposes were foundedon the familia, or rather the gens, and on propinquitas. The bond ofkinship is covered by the reference to gens; propinquitas as a socialinstitution is plainly of the communal type, in which people areclosely bound to one another either by reason of kinship or neighborhood,wherefore they are joined in the squadrons and troops.Propinquitas is here conceived to be a concrete communal institution,like the family/gens, not an abstract principle of social relationship.Aside from what we learn of Marx’s inner thought processes in thisconnection, the historical course of the denotation of propinquus hasbeen more recently given as primarily ‘proximate, nearby,’ secondarily‘kin’ (Walde-Hofmann, Lat. Etjm. Wörterbuch, v. II, 1954, p. 372).The communal institutions of ancient German life, in which the lesserarmy formations were included, were in Marx’s view the gens, thefamily, possibly the group of neighbors insofar as they were notalready comprised in the kin groups, or else nearby kinsmen asopposed to kinsmen who were more distandy located. Marx differentiatedthe army from the squadron and the wedge, hence, theofficial, public formation, from the communal life of the ancientGermans, in which he followed Tacitus. The context of Tacitus’comment emphasizes the intimacy of relations of the smaller formations(cries of the wives and children, etc.), hence the phrase,nec fortuiter conglobado: The reason for the agglomeration whichis not left to chance is that good morale, mutual trust, the incitationsof people known to each other, bound by strong and intimate communalbonds, will make for braver, more dependable conduct in war.Marx represented these Germans as transitional from the gentile tothe civil system, having aspects of each in their society. See below,Morgan excerpts, n. 189, and Morgan, op. cit., p. 371.112 Jean Jacques Rousseau, Du Contrat Social, pt. I, 1: “ L ’homme est nelibre, et partout il est dans les fers.’' Rousseau is evidently both anindividualist, and, as C. E. Vaughan has shown, a collectivist. (Seenote 123.)113 MEW i, pp. 78-79. Great play is made with the bird catcher Papagenoin Mozart’s opera, The Magic Flute. Cf. also Korsch, op. cit., p. 50 n.114 Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts, op. cit., para. 261-262. Marx, Kritik derHegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. MEW 1, pp. 203-207. Hegel expressedthe antithesis to this relation of the State and civil society,ib., para. 527: “Wo bürgerliche Gesellschaft und damit Staat vorhandenist, treten die Stände in ihrem Unterschiede ein__ ” Thecivil society is here presented as the leading entity, and the Statetherewith as the subordinate. The Estates in their difference areintroduced in relation to the civil society. The conception is nothistorical; within the civil society, the differentiation into classes isan atemporal development. Marx introduced the differentiation into378
Notes to Introduction, pp. 62-71.social classes as a historical development, the State as the developmentof the class-divided society, the development from Hegel as anopposition.115 Marx, op. cit., MEW 1, pp. 303-304.116 MEW 3, p. 29.117 Hegel, para. 261.118 Hegel, para. 261-262, 257.119 Marx, Kritik der Hegelschen Staatsrecht. MEW 1, pp. 244 et seq.(Hegel, Philosophie des Rechts, para. 291, 292). Engels and Marx, DieHeilige Familie, MEW 2, pp. 127-131 (State and Civil Society).Marx and Engels, Die Deutsche Ideologie, MEW 3, pp. 3jf. (State andinterests), p. 36 (civil society), p. 37 (‘society as subject’).120 Engels, op. cit., p. 97 (accumulation of property); p. 161 (greed). Cf.MEW 21, pp. 106, 171.121 Hegel, op. cit., para. 258.122 Cf. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1937, p. 435, in reference tohis opinion of statesmen or politicians.123 Cf. Rousseau, Discours sur /’Inégalité, pt. II, incipit(C. E. Vaughan ed.,v. 1, pp. 169 et seq.); Contrat Social, v. I (first version), v. II (finalversion). In the fragment by Rousseau, U Etat de Guerre (Vaughan,v. 1, pp. 293 et seq.), the individual is conceived as being logically andhistorically prior to the society. It is not clear that this view is heldconsistently by Rousseau. Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, Book I, 2,enumerated four laws of nature, of which the first is peace, theopposite of Hobbes’ state of war; the next two are biologicallyimposed, the quest for nourishment and sexual attraction; the fourthis of concern to us: it is the law of nature which results from thedesire to live in society. Montesquieu did not think through hisposition with consistency, for in Book I, 1 he had already writtenthat man is formed to live in society, but might be forgetful of thisformation, for which reason ‘legislators, by political and civil laws,have constrained him to his duty.’ These sentiments are moresensitive to man’s relation to society than those of his immediatepredecessors and contemporaries.124 K. S. Aksakov as well as F. I. Leontovich. Cf. B. D. Grekov, Krestyanena Rust, 1946, pp. 59 et seq.125 G. L. v. Maurer, Einleitung %ur Geschichte der Mark-, etc., Verfassung,1854; Geschichte der Markenverfassung, 1856; Geschichte der Fronhôfe,etc., 1862-1863; Geschichte der Dorfverfassung, 1865-1866. H. S. Maine,Ancient Law, 1861 ; Lectures on the Early History of Institutions, op. cit.,1874; Early Law and Custom, op. cit., 1886. Otto Gierke, DasDeutsche Genossenschaftsrecht, op. cit. Morgan, Ancient Society, op. cit.Kovalevsky, Obshchinnoe Zemlevladenie, op. cit. ; id., Tableau des Origines,op. cit., id., Modem Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, 1891. E. B.Tylor, Anthropology, 2 v., 1881 (cf. v. 2, 1930 ed., p. 145). EmileLaveleye, Les formes primitives de la propriété (Revue des Deux Mon-379
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Among the most important of the mat
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Q U ELLEN UND UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR GE
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Printed in the Netherlands by Van G
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CONTENTSForeword.IXIntroductionSect
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ForewordThe conception of this book
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INTRODUCTIONThe ethnological writin
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the other, were deficient in critic
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undertook the wholly empirical stud
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later, of Lubbock.15 The sets of ex
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still, after the institution of gen
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ship; Marx attributed the developme
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-j6 Böckh on population of Attica;
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with the question of caste was rais
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these two opposing sides together,
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without comment (excerpts, p. 8). T
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Grundrisse and in C apital.47 The r
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occasion for a performance of virtu
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signalized by means of the marginal
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Excerpts p. Morgan excerptsMarx’s
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within the contexts of Phear and Ma
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not only accepted this, but rendere
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community by cultural and social hi
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e interpreted ex silentio, by his c
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excerpts, p. 170), who cited as an
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ut against Maine’s extravagance (
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tween the social collectivities are
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conception of science as classifica
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approaches the modern ethnography b
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Man in the civilized condition is f
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The latter98 had inferred that the
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The idea of R. M. Maclver and R. H.
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ethnological thought. It is an anac
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an internally antagonistic creature
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actuality of the relations of the s
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introduction, and that the transiti
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song styles of the Iroquois, Indian
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nature by Marx, in contrast to Hege
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formed as the same, this is a subje
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communal institutions, in the proce
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public, the subjective has not inte
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anarchic individualism and the left
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has virtually disappeared from most
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into commodities arises out of exch
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wüchsige Theilung der Arbeit aus d
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T A B LE VII. The Utilisation by En
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Engels, in his 1888 edition of the
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conceived the process as changing o
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Anti-teleology in nature is interre
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March 8, 1881.161 In a draft which
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that the parts of the notebook B 14
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TECHNICAL APPARATUS AND FORMATThe p
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practice; occasionally, it is diffi
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i Lewis H . Morganr1 “ Ancient So
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dar. When discovered, stellten sie
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Diese Differenz u. d. specific diff
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sich vor 50 Jahren dort etablirten.
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Im descriptiven System dagegen d. c
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and fem ale cousins, are all withou
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w ithin the present century; w idel
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iodone on any part. There was no su
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grandm other (O c’-sote), grandso
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M y grandfather's father's brother
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14 “ D a s M utterrecht” , w o
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lived in polygamy; dies nicht the m
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in the household; dies gave full fo
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described by means o f the primary
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II) Intermarriage o f Brothers and
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tools passed through form s o fflin
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T h e characters on the Copan monum
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It was exhibited b y the Village In
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manufacture earthen vessels o f man
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eigenthum). Breeds o f horses alrea
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the L ord doth com mand concerning
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originally hereditary in the gens a
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u. not can intermarry with each oth
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j) Ippai marries his cousin Kapota
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tobacco in garden beds, made unleav
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praktisch the effects einer decease
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Captives w hen adopted w ere often
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u. L atin tribes in der relativ sp
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u. Beaver gentes also have exchange
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opposition vo n Seiten der opposite
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interests, strangers in feeling, sc
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com m on area. D ies gilt, in the m
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control the increasing numbers des
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Iroquois, the m ost destructive w o
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stockades, lebten von fish u. game,
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Mohawk Sachems u. to leave their na
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| A m appointed day the Sachems of
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was made. The / persons appointed t
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several tribes in their confederate
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estowed for merit, haben 7 sachems
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placed in there from number of word
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Gentes: i) Wolf 2) Red Paint 3) Lon
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female deity - Go-gome-tha-mä’ (
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I ll ) Turkey „ „ i) Turkey 2)
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sie rückverwandelt wden in bears,
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deren Waffen, implements u. ustensi
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der Bund der Iroquois. Jeder tribe
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writers, bei ändern gens) D . pueb
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Brasseur de Bourbourg sagt “ near
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died, all the senators called Tecut
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transformed into civis. The re’dt
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sagt: “ Jedes Kind wurde einregis
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of the same deme, did not possess t
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schon Dikaearchus rationalistisch s
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tigkeit des office of βασιλε
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So erstens t(u bemerken: Agamemnon
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military levies which would require
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lieb so bis Ende der athen. Demokra
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into a tribe, was wahrscheinlich h
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Jede Phyle od. District nach an Att
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verarmt, unfähig ihre niedergeb ra
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D ch andre Quellen constatirt dass
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leges connected with them, when he
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dieser change of name would not dis
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Iu. customs, u. preserved in invent
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tudinem roboris f u it ( L iv . /,
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the ultimate decision in criminal c
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Ifreien Römer in 2 Klassen: Aristo
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5 classes, mit some modification of
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Kinder aliens; aber wenn ein(e> Sen
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legend applies gentile usages corre
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guerriers) vocati sint; ita “nati
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Tacit. Germ. VII, wo er von Armeefo
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128 Sir. J . Phear: “ The Aryan V
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weed; hier the people bathe, cleans
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is no share coulter or breast; the
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Krishna (incarnation of Vishnu) wo
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The mass of the ryots who form the
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them being the khatiyan (an account
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xx) character of an agricultural vi
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Puja dalan: die verandah, deren chi
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vestry room) occur; manchmal ist’
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zemindari amla and the headmen of t
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(if he has it not otherwise, by cus
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Talüq = a dependency; Tehsildar or
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asins and i or 2 china plates in th
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146 A 1st class family hat generall
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forest, perhaps never kept by the K
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Obgleich jeder shareholder in the v
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land in ande (ande in terms of rece
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elation “with their (!) lord” ;
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the Malagava, Kandy, dem “learned
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ment; dies was a mere transfer of a
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PART mMARX’S EXCERPTS FROM HENRY
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(“ W ill” ) ; ebenso conception
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only connected with their new tribe
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contains folio 5A : “ Numerous we
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in occidental Europe mehr existirt
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wenn nicht marking an office origin
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lawyers at a later period called th
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oder kaum zu ändern ist von status
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lands. Diese Fuidhirs u. ausserdem
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J74father or kenfine - [Dies W ort
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“plantation of Ulster” the lots
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sehr biassed für descent of proper
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d. tribe etc. wenn getheilt, gleich
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interest in the family property, bu
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describe bodies of co-partners, for
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of Gewalt als origin of Roman u. ot
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the sky ... eine d. ältesten Insti
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xthe right lang aufrecht erhalten i
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literature (see Mr. Dasent) shows t
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D . Gunst der indischen Gesetzgebun
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Page 341 and 342: Der comfortable Maine glaubt: “ T
Page 343 and 344: villages which recalcitrated at his
Page 345 and 346: in many communities, this force has
Page 348 and 349: iSir John Lubbock: “ The Origin o
Page 350 and 351: sisters; for the king’s sons neve
Page 352 and 353: Glauben an d. Reality d. fathers or
Page 354 and 355: quiera se usa,y por to do se entien
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Page 358 and 359: mon people as mortal; as to the int
Page 360 and 361: Among the North American Indians, i
Page 362 and 363: Notes to Introduction, p. 2.N O T E
Page 364 and 365: Notes to Introduction, p. 5et al, L
Page 366 and 367: Notes to Introduction, p. 6.edition
Page 368 and 369: Notes to Introduction, p. 7.Noteboo
Page 370 and 371: Notes to Introduction, p. 7.362In f
Page 372 and 373: Notes to Introduction, pp. 7-8.cent
Page 374 and 375: Notes to Introduction, p. ιι.Part
Page 376 and 377: Notes to Introduction, pp. 12-17.ha
Page 378 and 379: Notes to Introduction, pp. 30-34.va
Page 380 and 381: Notes to Introduction, pp. 38-43.of
Page 382 and 383: Notes to Introduction, p. 43.langua
Page 384 and 385: Notes to Introduction, pp. 48-51.90
Page 388 and 389: Notes to Introduction, p. 71.des, 1
Page 390 and 391: Notes to Introduction, p. 72.family
Page 392 and 393: Notes to Introduction, p. 72.v. 51,
Page 394 and 395: Notes to Introduction, pp. 74-77.ec
Page 396 and 397: Notes to Introduction, p. 77.Karl K
Page 398 and 399: Notes to Introduction, p. 77.coming
Page 400 and 401: Notes to Introduction, pp. 80-84.en
Page 402 and 403: Notes to Introduction, pp. 86-88.an
Page 404 and 405: Notes to Introduction, pp. 88-89.Th
Page 406 and 407: Notes to Morgan, pp. 97-113.2 Table
Page 408 and 409: Notes to Morgan, pp. 120-135.53 Ms.
Page 410 and 411: Notes to Morgan, pp. 154-174.Morgan
Page 412 and 413: Notes to Morgan, pp. 183-198.here t
Page 414 and 415: Notes to Morgan, pp. 210-215.199 bi
Page 416 and 417: Notes to Morgan, pp. 221-222.227
Page 422 and 423: Notes to Morgan, p. 241. Notes to P
Page 424 and 425: Notes to Maine, pp. 288-299.Caesar
Page 426 and 427: Notes to Maine, pp. 302-312.seiner
Page 428 and 429: Notes to Maine, pp. 329-335. Notes
Page 430 and 431: BIBLIOGRAPHYI. M ARX’S BIBLIOGRAP
Page 432 and 433: American Board in the Sandwich Isla
Page 434 and 435: Post : “ Anfänge des Staats- u.
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N O T E S T O B IB L IO G R A P H Y
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B l a c k s t o n e , S i r W illia
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F e n t o n , W. N. Seneca Indians
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K a l o e v , B. A . M. M. Kovalevs
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M a r x, K a r l. Das Kapital, v. i
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P u m p h re y, R. J. The Forgotten
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V i o l l e t , P a u l. Le caract
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Acosta, Joseph de (ca. 1539-1600).
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299. 3°2> 3° 4» 3° 5» 3°6, 30
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Jaeger, Werner. (1888-1961). 375.Ob
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Das Kapital (Capital). 5, 6, 16, 19
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Sanchuniathon. 235. Stanihurst, Ric
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Q U E L L E N U N D U N T E R S U C
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