the ethnological notebooks of karl marx - Marxists Internet Archive

of a license tax); all taxes sind land revenue, stamps (needed for every proceedingin a court of justice or public office or copy of any paper filed ina court or office or document of agreement or receipt etc), Customs u.excise (d. tari u. Sal% für Ryot vertheuert). Kürzlich Steuervermehrung dchimposition of a road cess, a small rateable addition to the rent of each ryot,which he pays to his rentreceiver, dieser an Government. (128, 129)A portion of the rent, every cultivator of the soil pays for his plot, goes toGovernment as land revenue; es bezieht about 2o1/2 Millions £ St p. annum140I in the shape of land revenue. (133) | Vor d. Bengal setdement of 1793d. Zemindar bekanntlich nur Steuercollector, nicht landlord. BurschePhear says: “The area of his Zamindari covered large districts of country,and was reckoned not by bighas but in communities of men - mau^ahs” . Seine“money proceeds” wden nicht “ spoken of as rent, sondern als jamas(collections) of the included villages; seine assets were “made up of the_jamas of the sub-tenures, and the collections of the villages.” (135) Thezamindar’s village kachahri (schon vor d. Engländern) was an office ineach mau%ah, with a headman, an accountant, and a field officer. (Hatten d.früher beschriebnen duties d. jetzigen Collectors etc. des Zemindar).D. kachahris von je 5 or 6 mauzahs, je nach deren size, were supervisedby a superior officer, say a Tehsildar, who had his own kachahriy with itsbooks u. papers, either duplicates of, or made up from those of, themau^ah kachahris. D. collections effected by the officers of the villagekachahri were handed over to him, and he passed them to a next highofficer. So the money arrived at last at the Zamindar’s own kachahri; out ofthem he paid the Gvt revenue due from his Zemindari, and kept the restfor himself. (13 8) Each middleman was so the apex and head of a structureprecisely like the principal structure in form and constitution, nurmit a smaller basis. A slightly disturbing force might serve to detach itand leave it standing by itself, or to put it into an appendant condition.(139) (See also: Hunter'. “ Orissa” ) Lang vor d. Engländern the original simplicityof the zemindari system lost; there were Zemindaris u. taluqs ofseveral orders and designations paying revenue directly to Gvt; innerhalbderselben wieder subordinate taluqs u. tenures converted from the conditionof being parts of a homogeneous collecting machine into semiindependence,u. zahlend in that character a recognised jama directly tothe superior kachahri statt to send on to it in ordinary course their respectivecollections. (141)(By u. by) jeder subordinate jama-paying “ mahal” or tenure wde bald aminiature %amindari, worin gewisse jamas were taken in lieu of collections,and the remaining collections were made by the old machinery. WasteLand grants or conversions were also the origin of taluqs, both dependent andindependent, and so, too, jaghir grants for services. (141, 142)Innerhalb d. village selbst - mit Bezug auf d. occupation of land - ananalogous process came into operation. The principal persons of the262