India 2018

General Information 703
zamindaris, proper planning of urban and rural areas and for effecting a full control over the
mineral and oil resources of the country, etc. Six Acts were also included in the Ninth Schedule.
Article 305 was also amended to save certain laws providing of State Monopolies.
5. The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955—This amendment made a change in Article 3
so as to empower President to specify a time limit for state legislatures to convey their views on
the proposed Central laws affecting areas, boundaries, etc., of their states.
6. The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956—This amendment made some changes in
Articles 269 and 286 relating to taxes on sale and purchase of goods in the course of inter-state
trade and commerce. A new entry 92 A was added to the Union List of the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution.
7. The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956—This amendment purported to give effect
to the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission and the necessary consequential
changes. Broadly, the then existing states and territories were changed to have two-fold classification
of states and union territories. The amendment also provided for composition of the House of the
People, re-adjustment after every census, provisions regarding the establishment of new High
Courts, High Court Judges, etc.
8. The Constitution (Eighth Amendment) Act, 1960—Article 334 was amended with a view to
extending the period of reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and to the
Anglo-Indian community by nomination in Parliament and in the State Legislatures for a further
period of ten years.
9. The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960—The purpose of this amendment is to give
effect to the transfer of certain territories to Pakistan in pursuance of the agreement entered into
between Governments of India and Pakistan. This amendment was necessitated in view of the
Judgement of Supreme Court in In Re Berubari Union by which it was held that any agreement to
cede a territory to another country could not be implemented by a law made under Article 3 but
would only be implemented by an amendment of the Constitution.
10. The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961—This Act amended Article 240 and the First
Schedule in order to include areas of Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory and to provide
for its administration under the regulation making powers of President.
11. The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961—The purpose of this amendment was to
amend Articles 66 and 71 of the Constitution to provide that the election of President or Vice
President could not be challenged on the ground of any vacancy in the appropriate electoral college.
12. The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962—This amendment sought to include Goa,
Daman and Diu as a Union Territory and to amend Article 240 for the purpose.
13. The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962—By this amendment, a new Article 371A
was added to make special provisions with respect to state of Nagaland in pursuance of an
agreement between Government of India and Naga People’s Convention.
14. The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962—By this Act, Pondicherry was included
in the First Schedule as a Union Territory, and this Act has also enabled the creation of Legislature
by Parliamentary law for Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu and
Pondicherry.
15. The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963—This amendment provided for increase in
the age of retirement of High Court Judges and for the provision of compensatory allowance to
judges who are transferred from one High Court to another. The Act also provided for appointment
of retired judges to act as judges of High Court. Article 226 was also enlarged to empower High
Court to issue direction, orders or writs to any Government authority, etc., if the cause of action for
the exercise of such power arose in the territories wherein the High Court exercise jurisdiction
notwithstanding that seat of such Government authority is not within those territories. The Act
also provided for the exercise of powers of Chairman of the Service Commissions, in their absence,
by one of their Members.
16. The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act, 1963—Article 19 was amended by this Act to
impose further restriction on the rights to freedom of speech and expression, to assemble peaceably
and without arms and to form associations in the interests of sovereignty and integrity of India.
The oath of affirmation to be subscribed by candidates seeking election to Parliament and State