Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Where sufficient ground-truthing samples were available, class clustering in the distance dendrogram could be explained by the dominance of particular species, the degree of soil waterlogging, the coverage of rock/open water/vegetation, vegetation height, or topography (altitude/ slope/illumination, Table 2). Table 2. Topographic characteristics and survey sample sizes of land cover classes. See Table 3 for class names. Vegetation surveys Class Median altitude (m) Mean slope (°) Mean illumination Cos(θ ) i Point samples A 3779 16.0 0.43 6 B 3711 11.3 0.56 24 C 3654 12.7 0.57 51 D 3793 10.8 0.54 11 E 3780 8.2 0.62 39 F 3973 7.6 0.57 307 G 4088 6.6 0.61 197 H 4089 5.3 0.62 238 I 4079 5.0 0.63 432 J 4102 3.5 0.61 343 K 3506 14.5 0.68 22 L 3743 11.2 0.67 21 M 3560 18.2 0.76 4 N 3890 5.6 0.66 99 O 3808 11.6 0.70 14 P 3730 7.1 0.61 122 q 3530 8.3 0.59 140 R 3577 9.5 0.67 99 S 3694 5.9 0.62 263 T 3698 6.0 0.64 271 U 3490 5.9 0.63 831 V 3539 4.3 0.62 1148 W 3444 12.7 0.68 70 Total 4752 We recorded 16,672 plants in 45 taxa, of which 82% were identified to species level and a further 7% to genus level. Unidentified plants comprised only 1.1% of the dataset, and the remainder were assigned to the broad classes of grasses, mosses and lichens. Seasonal differences were observed in the degree of open water (contingency table: Χ = 35.6, 2 p < 0.001, n = 4104), with more in the wet season (3.2% cover versus 0.7% in the dry season). No differences were found in the percent cover of earth or rock substrate between seasons. A greater proportion of the vegetation was recorded as alive or actively growing in the wet season (76.9% versus 43.4% in the dry season, Χ = 395.5, p < 0.001, n = 3614). 1 Differences between land cover classes Most land cover classes could also be distinguished from their nearest neighbour using the quantitative survey data. Exceptions were classes A, B and C from each other, classes K, L and M from each <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 104
other, and class N from O, because too few vegetation samples were available for at least one class within each combination, . Based on the entire dataset, significant differences were observed between habitats in the frequencies of the three substrates (Χ = 149.4, p < 0.001, n = 4104), and 32 the degree of vegetation cover (Χ = 128.5, p < 0.001, n = 4104). Vegetation height also differed 16 between habitats, after accounting for differences in species composition (Χ = 7020.8, p < 0.001, 255 n = 19,040). Different land cover classes dominated at different altitudes. Figure 2 illustrates the distance dendrogram created from the spectral characteristics of each class. In all pair-wise comparisons between clusters for which adequate sample sizes (n > 40) were available, clusters differed significantly from each other in at least one of the following characteristics: substrate, cover and height (Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively), and species composition (Table 4). Table 3. Dominant and characteristic species of each land cover class. Abbreviations: AA - Alchemilla abyssinica, AH - A. haumanni, AP - A. pedata, AT - Artemisia afra, CC - Carduus camaecephalus, CM - Carex monostachya, EA - Erigeron alpinus, EP - Euryops prostratus, ER - Erica sp., GR - grasses, HC - Helichrysum citrispinum, HD - Hebenstretia dentata, HG - H. gofense, HR - Haplocarpha rueppellii, HS - H. splendidum, KF - Kniphofia foliosa, LI - lichens, LR - Lobelia rhynchopetalum, MO - mosses, PA - Plantago afra, RA - Ranunculus sp., SM - Salvia merjame, TM - Trifolium sp., TY - Thymus sp., US - Urtica simense. Classes Species (% occurrence) D & E: Lava flows HS (6.6), ER (1.5), EP (8.0), GR (25.5) F: Bare rock and Helichrysum HC (7.6), AH (2.7), AA (17.3), LR (0.6) G: Sparse Helichrysum HG (16.7), HC (7.6), HS (6.0), AA (17.3), LR (0.5) H: Dense Helichrysum HC (4.9), HS (14.3), AA (15.8), LR (1.0) I: Solifluction soil EP( 6.1), HG (6.3), AA (19.6), HC (4.4), HR (2.7) J: Mima mound AA (14.6), HC (3.4), RA (1.2), TM (2.9) K, L & M: Grazed Erica moorland GR (29.5), ER (9.8) TY (2.7) N & O: Helichrysum grassland GR (30.1), HS (6.3), HC (4.2), EP (7.3) P: Sedge swamp CM (4.0), RA (1.5), AA (14.7), HR (3.6) q: Mesa edge/wetland AT (13.2), AP (4.9), CM (1.8), HR (3.2), KF (3.5), CC (1.2) R: Bushy grassland AT (12.2), KF (4.4), AA (14.8), SM (3.4), AH (2.2) S: Rocky grassland AT (8.1), KF (2.0), HC (3.7) T: Rocky Helichrysum grassland GR (30.0), HS (2.4), HC (3.3), KF (1.5) U: Alchemilla pasture AA (23.6), AP (5.7), CC (1.3), SM (3.5) V: Grass pasture GR (31.0), AA (18.0), CC (1.6), SM (4.9) W: Drainage lines AP (12.6), CM (1.1), HR (4.0), RA (2.3) Land cover class descriptions Each land cover class is described below, and their dominant and characteristic plant species are listed in Table 3. Figure 1 displays the map of land cover classes. Table 5 shows substrate and vegetation height characteristic of each land cover class or cluster, and also lists the ratio of shrubs to ground cover to illustrate the vegetation structure. A. Shaded arboreal heather slopes and lakes Class A has low reflectance in all bands, either through low illumination (i.e. steep slopes facing north west), or through absorption of light by arboreal vegetation and deep water bodies. It has the second highest mean slope (16°) and the lowest illumination, Table 2. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 105
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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