Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Category Exceptional Resource Value Rank Scenic Social Cultural Mountain peaks, plateau and lava flows: Chorchora, Rafu 8= Alpine lakes and mountain streams 17= Harenna escarpment, including Gujerale 17= Water catchment (economic value) 2 Environmental goods and services such as NTFP, grass etc. 8= Coffee 15= Traditional pastoral transhumance system (Godantu) 10= Cultural sites (e.g. Abel Kassim, Gassuray, Alija) 10= Traditional ecological knowledge 14 The ERVs provided the foundation for jointly formulating the park’s purpose. They also helped to identify management issues and opportunities as well as management objectives and targets that are the basis of the five management programmes in the GMP. The BMNP purpose: To conserve the ecological and hydrological systems of the Bale mountains, including the Afroalpine and montane forest habitats with their rare, diverse and endemic species, while contributing to the social and economic wellbeing of the present and future generations of people locally in Ethiopia and in the wider region. Supplementary and complementary purposes of the BMNP: • To become a showpiece for protected area management in Ethiopia, thus forging strong political commitment and institutions from grassroots to Federal level • To work in partnership with the local communities to support both traditional and innovative resource-use practices of legitimate users to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources such as water, grass, honey and non-timber forest products and livelihood security • To promote ecologically and culturally sensitive tourism so that tourism becomes a key driving force of the local and national economy and provides equitable and sustainable benefits • To encourage and support ecological and sociological scientific research • To conserve both current and future commercially important wild genetic diversity, such as medicinal plants or arabica coffee • To provide a link for people with their natural heritage as an environmental educational resource • To conserve all sites of cultural and historical significance and stimulate the conservation of traditional ecological knowledge and cultural heritage A number of underlying principles fundamental to BMNP management were then identified. The BMNP management principles: • Conservation of the ERVs takes precedence in all actions • Partnerships with stakeholders, particularly park-associated communities, are a key component of GMP implementation • Environmental and socio-cultural impacts of developments and park users will be minimised • Management systems will be responsive and adaptive to changing circumstances and knowledge <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 248
Problems and Issues A problems and issues analysis was conducted to identify those factors threatening the ERVs and, ultimately, the park’s purpose. These were grouped into themes which translated into management programmes (see below). Working groups were selected to tackle each of these themes by developing the strategies and actions in each of the five management programmes. BmNP problems and issues by theme: • Unsustainable human impacts • Lack of stakeholder participation, community-park relations, livelihoods, benefit-sharing • Unclear policy, legislation and institutional arrangements • Weak Park operations and capacity • Poor ecosystem management and lack of research • Tourism underdeveloped Proposed Zonation The single most important cross-cutting issue for the BMNP was, and still is, the expansion of human activities in and around the park, particularly the unsustainable use of natural resources and forest clearing for agriculture and settlement. To secure the long-term future of the BMNP, it is critical to strike a balance between human needs, natural resource use and the conservation of the BMNP’s ERVs (see also Tadesse et al. this edition). Thus, to immediately bring the expansion of human settlement and the unsustainable and unmanaged use of natural resources under control, a management zoning scheme was developed. This provided a framework for securing the park and protecting its resources whilst allowing the use of these resources by communities and tourists. It was important to note that conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem processes would remain the primary management objective, irrespective of zone. The two designated zones with associated prescriptions are described below: 1. Conservation Zone (CZ): This zone was to comprise just over 50% of the BMNP and was made up of areas with relatively little permanent settlement that are high in biodiversity and important for the conservation of the ecosystem’s Principal Ecosystem Components (PECs; see EM programme). No damaging use would be permitted, no settlement or cultivation would be allowed and development would be strictly regulated and would need to meet with the BMNP’s environmental impact prescriptions for energy and material use, aesthetics and waste disposal. Access by tourists and local people would be allowed to sites of natural, scenic or cultural significance. 2. Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management Zone (C&SNRMZ): At the time the GMP was developed, it was agreed by stakeholders that use of natural resources and settlement would be restricted to designated Conservation & SNRM Zones. Sustainable use of natural resources would be allowed under negotiated management agreements between rightful users and park management (see SNRM programme) within this zone. Settlement, infrastructure development and cultivation would only allowed within these SNRM agreements and would need <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 249
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
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Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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