Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/ stern_review_economics_climate_ change/stern_review_report.cfm [accessed 15th August 2007]. Holden, S.T., Shiferaw, B. and Wik, M. 1998. Poverty, market imperfections and time preferences: of relevance for environmental policy? Environmental and Development Economics, 3: 105-130. International Monetary Fund (2007) The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix. IMF, Country Report. Number: 07/245. IUCN 2005. Depend on Nature: Ecosystem Services supporting Human Livelihoods. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Lampietti, J.A. and Dixon, J.A. 1995. To See the Forest for the Trees: A Guide to Non-Timber Forest Benefits. The World Bank, Washington, USA. Environment Department Papers Number: 013. Mamo, G., Sjaastad, E. and Vedeld, P. 2007. Economic dependence on forest resources: A case from Dendi District, Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 9: 916-927. Mander, M., Emana, B., Asfaw, Z. and Badassa, B. 2006. Marketing of Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia: A survey of the trade in medicinal plants. Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants Project Report. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) 2005. Ecosystem and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. MA, Washington, D.C. Neumann, R.P. and Hirsch, E. 2000. Commercialisation of Non-Timber Forest Products: Review and Analysis of Research. Centre for International Forestry Research, SMT, Indonesia. OARDB. 2007. Bale Mountains National Park General Management Plan. Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. OECD 2002. A Handbook of Biodiversity Valuation: A Guide for Policy Makers. OECD, Paris. OECD 2006. Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments. OECD, Paris. Pearce, D.W. and Warford, J.W. 1993. World Without End: Economics, Environment and Sustainable Development. Oxford, OUP. Pender, J.L. and Gebremedhin, B. (2006) Land Management, Crop Production, and Household Income in the Highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: An Econometric Analysis. In: Strategies for Sustainable Land Management in the East African Highlands (Pender, J.L., Place, F. & Ehui, S. (eds)), pp107-141. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Pender, J.L. and Walker, T.S. 1990. Experimental Measurement of Time Preference in Rural India. ICRISAT Progress Report Number: 97. Rowland, M. and Gatward, R. 2003. Annual Technical Report: 2001/2002. Department for Work and Pensions, London Office of National Statistics. [Online] Available from: http://www. statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_social/FRS_Tech01-02.pdf [accessed 1st September 2007]. Shackleton, C.M., Shackleton, S.E. and Cousins, B. 2001. The role of land-based strategies in rural livelihoods: the contribution of arable production, animal husbandry and natural resource harvesting in communal areas in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 18(5): 581-604. Scoones, I.C. 1990. Livestock populations and the household economy: a case study from southern Zimbabwe. PhD thesis, University of London. UNDP 2007. UNDP Human Development Reports [Online] Available from: http://hdrstats.undp. org/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_ETH.html [accessed 19th November 2007] de Vaus, D.A. 2002. Surveys in Social Research. 5 th <strong>Edition</strong>. Allen & Unwin, Crow’s Nest, Australia. Vedeld, P., Angelsen, A., Sjaastad, E. and Berg, G.K. 2004. Counting on the environment: Forest incomes and the rural poor. Environmental Economics Series, [Online] Available from: http://www.eldis.org/static/DOC15122.htm [accessed 25th April 2007] Williams, S.D., Vivero Pol, J-L., Spawls, S., Shimelis and Kelbessa, A. 2005. Ethiopian Highlands. In: Hotspots Revisited (Mittermeier, R. (ed)). Conservation International and Cemex. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 196
Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia: Past, Present and Future Flavie Vial 1,2,3* , David W. Macdonald 2 and Daniel T. Haydon 1 1 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6qq, UK 2 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney, Abingdon, Ox13 5qL, UK 3 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London London, W2 1PG *Email: f.vial@imperial.ac.uk Abstract All ecosystems are subject to changes, often arising from the cumulative stresses imposed by ever increasing human demands on ecosystem resources. Anticipating when the limits of acceptable change might be exceeded is a conservation imperative. In this review, we discuss the Oromo pastoralists’ land-use within the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) and how such “open access” utilisation of the Afroalpine for livestock grazing may threaten the park’s conservation goals. We also present past and ongoing research aimed at quantifying the environmental impact of grazing on the functioning of the Afroalpine ecosystem, and highlight the future research priorities on this issue, as well as the need for the park to develop management tools to respond to this large-scale threat. The Past Pastoralism and land use in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia: Past, present and threats Pastoralism is a significant socio-economic sector in East Africa. Indigenous resource tenure systems have evolved to meet the constraints of local, often difficult, environments and to facilitate the operation of complex spatial and temporal land use patterns (Behnke et al. 1993). The communities in and around BMNP have traditionally herded cattle, sheep and goats sold for cash, bartered for commodities and generally kept as a saving investment. Traditionally, the transhumance system of Oromo pastoralists, known as the Godantu system, was a key feature of human use of the Bale Mountains (see Chiodi and Pinard this edition). They moved their livestock seasonally in order to exploit areas away from their permanent settlement sites. Under the Godantu system, peak livestock numbers occurred in the Afroalpine (habitats >3,000m a.s.l.) in the wetter months, from April to <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 197
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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