Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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The limited range of the mountain nyala was first recognized in the 1920s and 30s. In 1933, Osgood (Harper 1945) estimated that the world population could not number more than a few thousand and might be much lower. The mountain nyala was placed on the A list of endangered animals by Harper (1945). It has retained this status except for a brief period from 1969-1975 following several reports by Leslie Brown that estimated the total population to be between 7,000 and 8,000.The mountain nyala is currently listed as Endangered by the World Conservation Union due to reduced populations (A1) and continued decline (C1) (IUCN 2003). The species is fully protected under Ethiopian law; however, sustainable management practices permit approximately 30 older males to be legally harvested annually. The species is known to occur in seven regions, each with different population densities, habitat types, and human impact. From south to north, these sites are: the Bale Mountains, the Arsi Mountains, Munessa, Worga Bula, Arba Gugu, DinDin and Kuni -Muktar (Fig. 1). For this assessment, J. Malcolm conducted brief surveys of these areas, except for Worga Bula and Arba Gugu and Kuni Muktar, between January and June 2002. The Galama Mountains, eastern slope of the Bale Mountains, and Kuni-Muktar were briefly surveyed by P. Evangelista between 2000 and 2003. In addition, we collected current and historical reports from all of the areas and conducted interviews with resource managers at federal and regional levels. The mountain nyala, although a large animal, is a difficult species to survey. It is largely nocturnal, preferring areas of dense vegetation cover during the heat of the day. Several census methods have been tried, including transects (Stephens et al. 2001; EWCD censuses) and a Lincoln Index (Hillman 1986a). Although these methods may provide rough estimates, they could be improved with a better understanding of the species’ behavior and movement patterns. Refera and Bekele (2004) conducted direct counts in the Gaysay Valley of Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP). This method, however, is only useful in open areas and where the surveyed animals are conditioned to daily human activities. We should note that these surveys, as well as our own, are limited to areas where mountain nyala are known to occur. The Bale Mountains, for example, have never been adequately surveyed. Mountain nyala populations have been discovered on the eastern slopes as recently 2002 by the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority (previously Wildlife Conservation Department). The southern slopes, including the Harenna Forest, are currently being surveyed (A. Atickem pers comm). There is a good probability that other populations exist, and this will be discussed later in the paper. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 40
The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The known range of the mountain nyala The Bale Mountains cover a large expanse of Ethiopia’s southern highlands with nearly 3,500 km2 of Afro-alpine and sub-alpine ecosystems. The Harenna Forest, part of a dense band of wet montane forest between 1,500 and 3,200 m, covers almost 5,000 km2 on the southern and western slopes. Mountain nyala are known to occur in five partially disjunct populations but are also suspected to inhabit unexplored areas on the southern slopes of the massif. In 1970, BMNP was created to protect mountain nyala and Ethiopian wolf populations and their critical habitats (Waltermire 1975). The park is centrally situated in the Bale Mountains and covers approximately 2,200 km2 (Fig. 1) The grasslands and shrublands of the Gaysay Valley (including those at the Park’s headquarters), in the northern tip of BMNP, now support the highest density of mountain nyala and the best studied over the years. This area was not mentioned by Brown (1969), and the species was rare in the area in the 1970s and early 1980s (T. Hundessa 2002 pers comm; J. Malcolm pers obs). The Gaysay Valley is situated near the park’s headquarters and has been regularly visited by tourists. As a result, wildlife and habitat in the area have been well protected over the years and mountain nyala populations grew rapidly. By 1987, it was possible to see herds of up to 500 mountain nyala on the Gaysay grasslands in the evening. Transect data from Gaysay, initiated by the park in 1985 showed rates of 20-26 mountain nyala per kilometre of transect (Stephens et al. 2001). During the change of government in 1991, civil unrest in the Bale region resulted in the illegal killing of many wildlife species and the movement of people into the park (Woldegebriel 1997). Some of these areas have never been reclaimed by the park and the level of protection has been greatly reduced. Transects <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 41
Page 1 and 2: Walia Spec
Page 3 and 4: This Special <stro
Page 5 and 6: Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100:
Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302:
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308:
Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316:
sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322:
through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328:
spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330:
IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340:
If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
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