Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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This <strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> of <strong>Walia</strong> emerged out of those conversations, back in 2003, in the long Festuca tussocks of the Morobawa plateau and others, fuelled by single malt whisky, that we had aside the fire back at the base in Dinsho. Indeed, he died after one such evening, some years after we had held those first discussions: on a wild night in the mountains that he loved, drinking single malt whisky from Scotland, and talking awhile with his old friend and colleague, Zelealem Tefera. Their conversation roamed, as ever, from the minutiae of research questions to the continued intractability of barriers to conservation in Ethiopia and to the allure of Ethiopian mountains. It is fitting, then, that this <strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> of <strong>Walia</strong> is dedicated to Simon. Stuart Williams Maputo, Mozambique <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains II
Foreword The Bale Mountains are unique in Africa. They encompass Africa’s largest alpine plateau and contain the largest populations of two of Africa’s least known and yet most charismatic species – the Ethiopian wolf and the mountain nyala. They also harbor an exceptionally high number of other species endemic to Ethiopia and, in some cases, endemic to the Bale Mountains themselves. For this they are included in Conservation International’s Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and are designated one of BirdLife International’s Important Bird Areas. Isolation and rarity put these endemic species at high risk of extinction and, thus, in need of effective conservation strategies that are supported nationally and internationally. But not only does this area protect a significant portion of Ethiopia’s and the world’s biodiversity, it also gives rise to key watersheds and natural resources that are the basis for local, national and international livelihoods. The more we learn about the range of goods and services provided by the Bale Mountains, the more vital our efforts become to ensure their conservation and sustainable management. At the heart of the Bale Mountains is the Bale Mountains National Park, one of Ethiopia’s most important protected areas. The park was proclaimed after early scientific studies revealed the uniqueness of the Bale Mountains, thus eliciting the attention needed to drive greater conservation efforts. These research pioneers – Herbet Mooney (1958-1959), Lesley Brown (1963 and 1965), Curtis Buer (1969-1971), and Chris Hillman (1980s-90s) – have been followed by many others and our knowledge of the Bale Mountains has grown accordingly. Securing the future of the Bale Mountains National Park remains a top priority for the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority and, wherever possible, research should continue to underpin conservation and management decisions. This <strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> contains the work of recent Ethiopian and international researchers and conservationists, covering a range of ecological, sociological and management issues. It will be a great resource for future conservationists, researchers and managers alike, and will raise international awareness of the Bale Mountains, their ecological, social and economic importance and the threats they face. Many questions and challenges remain. It is my hope and belief that this <strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> will draw the attention of other researchers and conservation practitioners so that, together, we may better understand and manage the Bale Mountains for future generations. Dr. Kifle Argaw, EWCA Director <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains III
Page 1 and 2: Walia Spec
Page 3: This Special <stro
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56:
Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184:
Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194:
Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
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