Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Activities and Resources Required: In addition to the questionnaires, personal interviews with tourists assessing their experience should be conducted twice a year. Further concession and lease agreements and opportunities need to be identified and disseminated among stakeholders and private individuals. Most of the resources needed to achieve this objective will come from external expertise needed for other objectives such as a tourism development consultant. Given that the costs for these experts have been taken into account in other programmes the optimal and critical funding needed to achieve these activities (excluding consulting fees) over the next five years have been identified as ETB 153,261 and ETB 122,736, respectively. Objective 3: Community participation and benefit sharing opportunities in BMNP tourism developed and established as core part of the BMNP tourism service provision and management Background: To date few activities associated with this objective have been carried out apart from training and some equipment provision to local service providers. Activities and Resources Required: Training as per a need assessment is to be provided to the communities in recognising potential opportunities that may be obtained from tourism in the area, as well as training in tourism awareness and service provision. The potential for community-park partnerships in concession and business opportunities needs to be examined and implemented accordingly. This objective would need to second an expert in community tourism to help develop a strategic plan and to implement the plan in order to achieve this objective. Optimal and critical funding needed to achieve these activities over the five years have been identified as ETB 1,600,000 and ETB 1,120,000, respectively. The top five investments needed for the tourism programme have been identified as: i) Develop a tourism and marketing plan ii) Establish campsite facilities iii) Establish mountain huts iv) Develop materials for the interpretative center v) Develop avi-tourism. A Benefit Analysis Tourism in the park is a significant contributor to poverty alleviation with three community associations – guides, horse lenders and porters – providing services to tourists when they come to the park as well as ad hoc temporary employment to other community members such as cooks. It is estimated that the income for guides and horse assistants is approximately ETB 258,300 per annum (Öbf 2009). Many local businesses also benefit from tourists coming to the BMNP such as coffee shops, restaurants, and local hotels. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 290
An increase in tourism investment into the park would mean a greater demand for local staff and service provision by communities. Increasing the number of lodges would directly increase benefits through employment as well as temporary benefits ranging from local building contractors to catering suppliers for example. Tourism could open up other opportunities for community small business development such as community managed tourism facilities and selling goods such as curios and souvenirs. The following section describes some of the financial strategies proposed in the BMNP Business Plan to improve benefits both to the park and the surrounding communities as a result of tourism. Financial Strategies Income derived from tourism in the BMNP is well below that of its potential and there are many strategies that could be developed with which to increase revenue from recreational services and to be more cost effective. Currently the BMNP is tapping into the low end poor service provision market. There is only one lodge, which is poorly equipped, where tourists can stay with other options being designated campsites with no facilities. Income is derived from park entrance fees and lodge fees which include bed nights and miscellaneous services such as payments for sauna and kitchen usage. In addition to increased income from gate fees, tourism is a great opportunity whereby nonconsumptive benefits to communities can be improved. The BMNP Business Plan identifies some strategies whereby income to the park from gate fees and tourism can be increased and benefits to the communities improved. Attaching a community levy on park entrance fees Community levies are one-off fees or taxes paid by tourists on top of their park entrance fees which go directly into a Community Development Fund (CDF). In South Africa nearly all parks apply a mandatory community levy on top of park entrance fees. Typically this fee is between US$5-10. In KZN, community levies from tourism raise about US$750,000 p.a., which is distributed to different CDFs by local boards (Buckley and Sommer 2001). These funds are then used for different things decided by the communities, such as schools or in one instance the local communities used their money to purchase a concession to build a lodge in the Imfolozi Game Reserve, KZN South Africa. A recent survey carried out with randomly selected tourists visiting the BMNP in January 2009 showed that 78% of tourists questioned said they would pay a voluntary community levy if the option was available. Their willingness to pay ranged from US$5-$50, with the majority willing to pay a one-off US$5 community levy. This is in line with levies charged by South African Parks. Given current tourist numbers to BMNP (1500 p.a.) and assuming 78% of tourists would opt to purchase a voluntary levy at ETB 50, this scheme has the potential to generate up to almost ETB 5,000,000 over the next five years. However, this number also has great potential to increase if tourism numbers increase as expected (due to tourism development initiatives currently on going in the park) or should the levy become mandatory in the future. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 291
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297: assist with implementation of the t
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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