Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Several predator species are known to prey on mountain nyala. Perhaps the most common are the leopard (Panthera pardus) and hyena (Crocuta crocuta), which share much of the mountain nyala’s range. On the eastern and southern slopes of the Bale Mountains, lions (Panthera leo) are known to prey on mountain nyala and influence local movement and distribution of herds (Evangelista pers obs). Other incidents of predation or killing of mountain nyala calves have involved jackals (Canis mesomelas), warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), and domestic dogs (Gebre Kidan 1996) Conservation Effective conservation strategies for the mountain nyala are needed if the species is to survive. Although there are many approaches to conservation, several key milestones must be met before success can be achieved. The first is that policy and regulations regarding mountain nyala, habitat, and management must be clearly defined and enforced. New wildlife policy has been in development for nearly five years and urgently needs completion and implementation. Furthermore, legislation that addresses illegal hunting and habitat destruction need to be formulated and enforced. This should coincide with restoration efforts of critical habitat. Specifically, reforestation programs (as seen in Kuni-Muktar) must be immediately implemented. Many of Ethiopia’s highland tree species are slow growing and may take as long as 30 to 60 years before providing adequate habitat. In particular need are DinDin, the Galama Mountains and BMNP headquarters. Perhaps the best approach to conservation is through sustainable management that includes economic development and benefits to local communities. The Munessa Shashemane Integrated State Forestry Development and Utilization Project serves as a strong working model of sustainable management. A limited number of mountain nyala are legally hunted each year providing important revenue to the company, federal and regional governments, and local communities. Likewise, timber is commercially harvested at a sustainable rate which allows a fixed annual off-take and time for replanting and tree growth. The system works because mountain nyala and habitat are: (1) intensively managed and monitored, (2) protected from exploitation, (3) recognized for their economic benefits, and (4) harvested at sustainable levels. Legal hunting is seen as a quandary by some. If overseen and managed properly, it could provide one of the most effective means of conservation. Professional hunters that have rights to controlled hunting blocks regularly employ game scouts and guards to protect wildlife populations and habitat. In DinDin, for example, the professional hunter employed 12 game scouts to keep the area free of cattle and humans (despite the fact that he was not allowed to shoot any animals). In the Soba hunting block by BMNP, the professional hunter had persuaded people to relocate from prime mountain nyala habitat. In Odu Bulu, the professional hunter developed a water-supply system to the town of Buko. Many people in the Arsi Region were unhappy when controlled hunting ceased, as it provided an important source of employment and revenue. At the same time, removing any animals from a species that numbers less than 4,000 is risky and wildlife managers must be vigilant in monitoring populations and meeting management objectives. Today, about 1% of mountain nyala <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 50
populations within hunting blocks are allowed to be hunted. All hunting activities are under the direction of a licensed professional hunter, a game scout from EWCA, and an observer from the Oromia regional authority. Since 1943, there are no records of mountain nyala in captivity, although all the other spiralhorn antelope have been kept and bred in zoos. A genetically sustainable ex situ breeding program would be extremely expensive and has been opposed by the Ethiopian wildlife authorities. Modern cryogenic methods (frozen eggs and sperm) have not been tried. These methods are usually a last resort for imperiled wildlife. A proactive conservation strategy for the mountain nyala, however, can still insure the survival of the species. Acknowledgments We would like to thank all the members of the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority for their openness and cooperation. Fekadu Garedew and Mohammednur Jemal provided help in the Bale Mountains. We are very grateful to Dr. R.D. Estes and Mrs. Jerry Mann for financial support. We would also like to thank the many people who helped with information gathering in the field; in particular, P. Swartzinski, A. Randell and N. Alley. References Argaw, K., Kebede, F., Tadesse, A. and Ereso, H. 2002. A progress report on the current situation of mountain nyala and Menelik’s bushbuck in the Kuni-Muktar Mountain Nyala Sanctuary Report to the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization, Addis Ababa. Brown, L H. 1969. Observations on the status, habitat and behaviour of the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in Ethiopia. Mammalia, 33: 545-597. Brown, L.H. 1966. A report on the National Geographic World Wildlife Fund expedition to study the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni). Report to National Geographic Society. Brown, L.H. 1963. A report on the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), the Semien fox (Simenis simensis), and other animals in the Mendebo Mountains, Bale Province, Ethiopia Unpublished report. East, R. 1999. African Antelope Database 1998. IUCN/SSC Antelope <strong>Special</strong>ist Group. IUCN Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Evangelista, P., Swartzinski, P. and Waltermire, R. 2007. A profile of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni). African Indaba, 5(2). www.africanindaba@co.za Fuertes, L. A. and Osgood, W.H. 1936. Artist and naturalist in Ethiopia. Doubleday, Doran & Co. New York. Gebre Kidan, W. 1996. The status of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Bale Mountains National Park 1986-1994. <strong>Walia</strong>, 17: 27-37. Harper, 1945. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. <strong>Special</strong> Publication No. 12, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, New York Zoological Park New York. Hillman, J.C. 1986. Conservation in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Oryx, 20: 89-94. Hillman, J. C. 1986. Bale Mountains National Park. Management Plan. Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization, Addis Ababa <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 51
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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