Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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of management decisions thus informing targeted development support on the basis of household attributes such as, education, skills, and social status. Despite local variations in direct use values from principal livelihood components, aggregate household value is found not to significantly differ between kebeles. These findings suggest a baseline level of goods and services are needed to sustain a certain level of wellbeing; a subsistence level. Derived from the three key components, crops, livestock and forest products, household production decisions are based on local environmental conditions, as well as access to arable land. Where land is unsuitable for ploughing and crop growth, households may rely more heavily on livestock production, or where access to grazing lands is limited, forest products can be relied upon instead. Chiri exemplifies this, as the presence of forest coffee is such a substantial source of value that households rarely report any secondary work activities after agriculture, within which they include the harvest of forest coffee, and so Chiri derives the lowest value from both livestock and crop production. The livelihood strategies of communities are a balance of the principal components of direct consumptive use value according to the availability of natural resources; the divergence of relative value is ecological rather than economically based. In light of the significant lack of job opportunities in the Bale Mountains Eco-region, it is possible that the economic value derived from the components assessed in this study represent the major income of the household. If this were the case, the consistency of the estimated direct consumptive use value over kebeles suggests that this is the economic value required for a household to make ends meet. With the observed high rates of time preference found in Ethiopia due to lack of saving and investment opportunities (Pender and Walker 1990; Holden et al. 1998) this would be rational; there are no incentives for households to produce more than required to cope from year-to-year. In keeping with our subsistence theory, income from sold produce will be used for basic household expenses such as additional food, clothing, medical fees, school fees, household utensils, and transport fees, as well as for social obligations such as community contributions, tax and ceremonial expenses. This annual income amounts to US$287 ± 16.16 per person, or a daily per capita value of US$0.79 ± 0.04. This is higher than the Ethiopia wide average GDP per capita value of US$114 (UNDP 2007) supporting the generalisation that the Bale Mountains Eco-region is a relatively ‘rich’ area relative to the rest of the country. While households rely on components of direct consumptive use value according to site specific resource endowments, the finding that mean household value does not vary significantly between survey sites allows us to confidently aggregate direct consumptive use value. The Bale Mountains Eco-region has an estimated population of 1,277,131 rural dwellers. The annual flow of direct consumptive ecosystem goods and services is therefore, estimated at US$366,439,518. This is a substantial value and excludes other sources of value arising under the total economic value framework. In response to the continued decline of managed agricultural land and natural areas, this assessment of ecosystem contribution to economic activity helps to justify the financial resources required to ensure that conservation targets are met. This household value can predict how changing resource access and management strategies will affect rural livelihoods and help determine the measures to be taken to meet both development and poverty reduction goals. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 194
Acknowledgements This study was made possible by the Oromia Regional Government and the Bale Mountains National Park authority, who granted fieldwork permissions. Gratitude is extended to the staff of Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) and the FARM-Africa/SOS-Sahel (FARM/SOS) partnership for their logistical support and advice. In particular Deborah Randall and Dereje Tadesse from FZS and Ben Irwin and Luluu from FARM/SOS. Much appreciation to the translators and local liaison officers Girma, Mohammed, Bedri, Ahmed, Hassen and Kemer, as well as the Bale Mountains communities especially; Dinsho, Chiri, Rira, Fassil and Hora Soba for generosity with their time. Finally, thanks to the Economic and Social Research Council that provided university fees and maintenance to enable this study. References Abrar, S., Morrissey, O. and Rayner, T. 2004. Aggregate Agricultural Supply Response in Ethiopia: A Farm-Level Analysis. Journal of International Development, 16: 605-620. Arsi-Bale Rural Development Project. 2004. Atlas of Bale Zone. Regional State of Oromia, Arsi Bale Rural Development Project, Ethiopia. Ash, N. and Jenkins, M. 2007. Biodiversity and Poverty Reduction; The Importance of Biodiversity for Ecosystem Services. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Bishop, J.T. 1999. Valuing Forests: A Review of Methods and Applications in Developing Countries. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. BMDC 2003. Sociology and Anthropology in the BMNP and Mena-Angetu National Forest Priority Area. DGIS-WWF Ethiopia Project Report. Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Management Programme 2006. Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Management Programme. FARM-Africa/SOS Sahel, Project document. Bucknall, J., Kraus, C. and Pillai, P. 2000. Poverty and the Environment. The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Davies, J. 2007. Total Economic Valuation of Kenyan Pastoralism. The World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism, IUCN, Nairobi. Dercon, S. 1998. Wealth, risk and activity choice: cattle in western Tanzania. Journal of Development Economics, 55: 1-42. Dovie, D.B.K., Witkowski, E.T.F. and Shackleton, C.M. 2003. Direct-use value of smallholder crop production in a semi-arid rural south African village. Agricultural Systems, 76: 337-357. Dovie, D.B.K., Witkowski, E.T.F. and Shackleton, C.M. 2005. Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households. Agriculture and Human Values, 22: 87-103. Forsyth, T., Leach, M. & Scoones, I. 1998. Poverty and Environment: Priorities for Research and Policy. UNDP Report, Brighton, UK. Freeman, A.M. 2003. The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods. Resources for the future, Washington, DC. Global Environment Facility 2006. Sustainable Development of the Protected Area System of Ethiopia. GEF Council Work Program Submission. Godoy, R. and Lubowski, R. 1992. Guidelines for the economic valuation of non timber tropical forest products. Current Anthropology, 33: 423-433. Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248. H.M.Treasury 2006. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. [Online] Available from: <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 195
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201: accruing to households. Although no
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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