Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Unfortunately, financial resources for national parks are limited. There is rarely enough money to do everything, so we are forced to prioritize our activities. In general, we prioritize activities based on threats and benefits they pose, or how critical they are to conservation. By collecting information about the park, we can prioritize activities more easily and use limited financial resources wisely. For example, there are plans to re-introduce black rhino into the Serengeti Ecosystem but the question remains as to where to release them? Ideally a rhino reintroduction program aims to maximize the chances of successfully establishing a breeding population while minimizing the risk of having animals poached. Researchers were able to answer this question by using historic data sets without having to waste resources on a trial and error approach. Analyzing the historic rhino distributions from the 1970’s researchers created a habitat suitability model. Current data on poaching pressure was mapped for the entire ecosystem and overlaid with the habitat suitability model, enabling researchers to pin-point potential reintroduction areas that were both safe and good rhino habitat (Metzger et al. 2007). By collecting information we are able to prioritize park activities better which means using limited financial resources with greater efficiency. Globally our protected areas are coming under increasing pressure. Although we are busy exploring the outer limits of our solar system, the irony is that we barely know what’s happening on our own planet. We know as much about our ecosystems as a 6 year old would know about an engine of a vehicle: we know that the brakes slow us down, the accelerators speed us up, that driving too fast is little scary, and when we hit potholes it goes bump. But we know precious little about internal combustion, torque, gears, and crankshafts. We like to think of protected areas as beautiful places where we can see wildlife and get away from the hustle and bustle, but in the big picture national parks serve as baselines from which we can measure our ecological footprint. The collection of information from national parks shows us what is happening in areas of our world where we have little impact (Sinclair et al. 2000; Sinclair et al. 2002). More to the point, they show us what we are doing to the rest of the world and how things would look in our absence. Furthermore, by combining knowledge from many different ecosystems we start to understand our how planet’s engine works. Conservation is politics. It’s a bitter pill for most hard-line naturalists to swallow, but the two are inextricably linked. How many national parks operate in complete isolation from governments and the people living around it? The answer is none. In some cases, surrounding communities view national parks as a burden and a source of crop raiding and problem animals, while in other cases communities view them as beneficial by supplying clean water and business opportunities. As conservationists we are committed to keeping national parks intact as well as providing useful social services, but when push comes to shove, how can we show this? The answer is that we need information to prove it, which means we need to collect the information. Information leads to knowledge, and knowledge is power which translates to political swing, and with political swing parks are protected. For example, perhaps the most influential document about the Serengeti was one of the very first biological surveys of the ecosystem by W. H. Pearsall in 1956 which lead to the re-alignment of the park boundaries to include virtually the entire extent of the wildebeest migration and as a result the conservation of the ecosystem (Pearsall 1959). <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 308
What to Monitor? The question of what to monitor is very subjective and will differ between protected areas. For instance, a park such as the Bale Mountains National Park that is surrounded by cultivation may want to monitor land-use changes on the park’s perimeter. This may not be an issue for parks that are remote with little human presence, like the Tatshenshini National Park in northern Canada. The monitoring program for a park should reflect the major management concerns and threats, which are ideally laid out in a park’s General Management Plan. Obviously this requires some insight into the ecology of the park, as well as foresight as to what the major threats are likely to become in the future. In any case, having a clear set of questions that reflect the management concerns for the park is imperative. Knowing the questions means you can collect the relevant information to answer them. What Types of Data to Collect? Data are like donuts – they come in all different shapes and flavours. Data do not necessarily have to be numbers; they could be words, pictures, or map locations. A statement such as “This is the most boring paper I have ever read” is data. To be precise, this is called descriptive data. Descriptive data is information that is contained in a statement or sentence (an alpha-numeric string) and explains the state of something. A noun, such as a name and post box, could be considered descriptive data. If an editor wanted an overview of this article using descriptive data they would be forced to read through everyone’s views and comments, which could take a long time. However, if an editor was really interested they could ask the readers a simple question: “Is this the most boring paper you have ever read?” There are two possible outcomes to this question: you could answer yes or no. This is called binomial data. Binomial data are information that can be contained by one of two terms such as yes or no, 1 or 0, high or low. Perhaps the editor is not satisfied with this information, because it gives no indication as to the content of this paper. The question could be rephrased to “What term best describes the content of this paper: Scientific, Artistic, Historic, Legal, or Sheer Drivel”. Now there are 5 possible outcomes. This is called categorical data. Categorical data are information that can be clustered into similar groups like “blue, green, yellow and red” or a date like June 15, 2005. In some cases your categorical data could be ranked such as “very boring, mildly boring, OK, mildly entertaining, and exceptionally entertaining” or with a numbering system like 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Now imagine a situation where the editor wants to know how many people actually read this paper. By surveying the potential readers the editor may find one person read the entire paper as opposed to 354,762 people. This would tell them something about its value. This is called integer data. Integer data are generally whole number counts. In other words, we could not count 74.8 people, as having a valid opinion from 0.8 of a person is impossible. However, an average could end with a decimal place. For instance, on average 74.8 percent of the readers think this paragraph is long enough. This is continuous data. Continuous data are data that carry decimal places and can be measured to infinitesimally precise values. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 309
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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